Islamic Legal and regulatory provisions for Alzheimer's patients: الأحكام الشرعية والنظامية لمرضى الزهايمر

Alzheimer's is the disease of the era destroys the brain cells then affects the work and life of the patient and deteriorates gradually may lead to death after that, I liked to look for its meaning and terminology and symptoms and what the Islamic legal and legal provisions for patients, I followed in my research deductive approach, Research that Alzheimer's disease is devastating nerve causes the brain atrophy gradually and the destruction of the person's ability to learn, it has been called a number of terms of the scientists, including real dementia and cerebral dementia and mental disorders, the causes of the disease include old age and diseases of blood vessels and head injuries and has a number of types of treatments and It's also relates some of the Islamic rulings The Alzheimer's patient in the first stage applies to him the provisions of the Full-fledged person, but in the case of medium and late it passes a mixture of the provisions of madness and the ship and dementia in accordance with its provisions.

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Memoirs: Determination of Age in Honey-Bees

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s2-64.254.191 ◽

1920 ◽

Vol s2-64 (254) ◽

pp. 191-205

Author(s):

HELEN L. M. PIXELL-GOODRICH

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Gradual Reduction ◽

The Brain

For the study of those bee diseases with which no specific organisms have so far been identified, it is important to be able to eliminate bees dying of old age, and this cannot be done with certainty by observing outward symptoms. However, the age of bees, which normally work almost incessantly for about six weeks and then die, may be determined with some accuracy from a study of the brain-cells. With advancing age the cytoplasm of these cells undergoes gradual reduction peripherally, until in senescence only a vestige is left surrounding the nucleus. The condition of the head-glands, including a pair of œsophageal glands which do not appear to have been previously recorded, gives some indication of age in normal healthy bees.

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Vitamin C in Senile Psychoses

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.86.363.675 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 86 (363) ◽

pp. 675-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Berkenau

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Unsolved Problem ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Senile Dementia ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Old People ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Mental Diseases ◽

Constitutional Factor ◽

The Brain

The senile psychoses are in regard to their origin an unsolved problem. Much valid work has been done in the field of anatomy and histology in approaching this problem, but as the mental diseases of old age cannot be separated from the growing old of body and mind generally, this problem is more or less a biological one. The borderline between old age and senile dementia is not a sharp one. In brains of old people without clinical symptoms of dementia there have been found histological changes, such as are usually found in cases of senile dementia. This makes it probable that the extent of degeneration of brain cells alone is not decisive for the appearance of senile psychoses. The finding of the characteristic plaques in the brain of senile psychoses may give evidence of the extent of the process and the severity of clinical symptoms, but it does not tell us anything about their nature and origin. Whether a constitutional factor is decisive or whether the histological changes are a reaction to an unknown noxa is undecided. Heredity may have its share too.

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The Histopathological Criteria of Vascular Disturbances in the Brain.∗

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.83.346.509 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 83 (346) ◽

pp. 509-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alfred Meyer

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Cardiac Disease ◽

Vascular System ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Common Factor ◽

Mental Deficiency ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Organic Lesion ◽

Histological Appearance ◽

The Brain

Vascular lesions, identical in appearance with the sequelae of organic diseases of the blood-vessels, have been found in a great variety of conditions (for instance in epilepsy, hypertension and cardiac disease, psychoses associated with infectious and toxic conditions, head injuries, certain groups of mental deficiency) in which no organic lesion of the blood-vessels themselves could be demonstrated. The theory has been put forward (Ricker, Spielmeyer and others) that these lesions owe their origin to functional disorder of the vascular system, and that this common factor accounts for the identity in histological appearance in spite of the profound ætiological differences.

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What is Alzheimer’s disease?

10.1093/oso/9780190098124.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Andrew E. Budson ◽

Maureen K. O’Connor

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Family History ◽

Lumbar Puncture ◽

Amyloid Plaques ◽

Pet Scan ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Special Circumstances ◽

The Brain

Alzheimer’s is a disease in which amyloid plaques build up in the brain. The plaques damage brain cells, the cells develop tangles, and the tangles destroy the cells. Alzheimer’s disease begins silently and progresses through very mild, mild, moderate, and severe stages. Age, being a woman, and family history are risk factors for the disease. Tests using a lumbar puncture or PET scan can help to confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, but they are only used in special circumstances. Lastly, you can reduce your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease by eating a Mediterranean-style diet, engaging in aerobic exercise, and staying socially active.

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How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer's disease in old age: the role of microglia and astrocytes

Aging Cell ◽

10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00101.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 211

Author(s):

Imrich Blasko ◽

Michaela Stampfer-Kountchev ◽

Peter Robatscher ◽

Robert Veerhuis ◽

Piet Eikelenboom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Old Age ◽

The Brain

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Morphological Changes of Blood Vessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences ◽

10.1111/j.1440-1819.1991.tb01187.x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 661-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tetsuo Hashimura ◽

Takemi Kimura ◽

Taihei Miyakawa

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

The Brain

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Deleterious effects of combination of lead and β-amyloid peptides in inducing apoptosis and altering cell cycle in human neuroblastoma cells

Interdisciplinary Toxicology ◽

10.1515/intox-2017-0015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ayyalasomayajula Neelima ◽

Ajumeera Rajanna ◽

Reddy G. Bhanuprakash ◽

C.S. Chetty ◽

Challa Suresh

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Human Brain ◽

Neuroblastoma Cells ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Human Neuroblastoma Cells ◽

Human Neuroblastoma ◽

Amyloid Peptides ◽

Β Amyloid ◽

The Brain

AbstractLead (Pb) is a toxic pollutant known to cause several abnormalities related to the brain, including cognitive dysfunction, and it is ubiquitous in nature. β-amyloid peptides (AP) are crucially involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been reported that there is a connection between lead and amyloid peptides in exerting similar kinds of altered functions in the brain and long-term exposure to lead leads ultimately to increased beta amyloid formation in the brain, lethal to human brain cells. There is still a lack of information on the mechanism by which Pb affects AP formation, exerting combined toxicity in AD patients. To fill the gap, we have systematically analyzed the toxicity individually and in combination of Pb and AP in human brain cells. We found that the combination of Pb and AP exerted a higher toxicity than individual exposures in human neuroblastoma cells. The lower inhibitory concentration values were determined by both time and concentration dependent manner on using MTT assay. The data resulted in the development of enhanced toxicity on exposure to Pb with both the combinations of AP(1-40) or (25-35) and with all combinations in human brain cells compared to individual exposures to Pb (1-40) or AP(25-35). The severe apoptotic effect and alteration in cell cycle by arresting at the S-phase evidenced the increased toxicity of combinational exposure to Pb and AP on human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, the quantitative determination of LDH and caspase-3 activity indicated the induction of severe toxicity. We conclude that both are synergistically associated with effects such as arresting the cell cycle and triggering apoptosis during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

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Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25245789 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 5789

Author(s):

Zeinab Breijyeh ◽

Rafik Karaman

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Free Radical Damage ◽

Β Amyloid ◽

Approved Drugs ◽

The Brain ◽

Radical Damage

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disorder that causes degeneration of the cells in the brain and it is the main cause of dementia, which is characterized by a decline in thinking and independence in personal daily activities. AD is considered a multifactorial disease: two main hypotheses were proposed as a cause for AD, cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses. Additionally, several risk factors such as increasing age, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors play a role in the disease. Currently, there are only two classes of approved drugs to treat AD, including inhibitors to cholinesterase enzyme and antagonists to N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA), which are effective only in treating the symptoms of AD, but do not cure or prevent the disease. Nowadays, the research is focusing on understanding AD pathology by targeting several mechanisms, such as abnormal tau protein metabolism, β-amyloid, inflammatory response, and cholinergic and free radical damage, aiming to develop successful treatments that are capable of stopping or modifying the course of AD. This review discusses currently available drugs and future theories for the development of new therapies for AD, such as disease-modifying therapeutics (DMT), chaperones, and natural compounds.

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Nanomedicine: A Promising Way to Manage Alzheimer’s Disease

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.630055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Nazeer Hussain Khan ◽

Maria Mir ◽

Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi ◽

Ujala Zafar ◽

Muhammad Mahtab Aslam Khan Khakwani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Drug Transport ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Current Review ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating disease of the aging population characterized by the progressive and slow brain decay due to the formation of extracellular plaques in the hippocampus. AD cells encompass tangles of twisted strands of aggregated microtubule binding proteins surrounded by plaques. Delivering corresponding drugs in the brain to deal with these clinical pathologies, we face a naturally built strong, protective barrier between circulating blood and brain cells called the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Nanomedicines provide state-of-the-art alternative approaches to overcome the challenges in drug transport across the BBB. The current review presents the advances in the roles of nanomedicines in both the diagnosis and treatment of AD. We intend to provide an overview of how nanotechnology has revolutionized the approaches used to manage AD and highlight the current key bottlenecks and future perspective in this field. Furthermore, the emerging nanomedicines for managing brain diseases like AD could promote the booming growth of research and their clinical availability.

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