Two Pools of ATP Detected in the Brains of Pediatric Patients with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disorders (MOGAD) by 3D 31P MR Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) at 7T

Over the past four decades, ATP, the obligatory energy molecule for keeping all cells alive and functioning, was thought to contribute only one set of 31P MR signals in the human brain. Here we report for the first time the simultaneous detection of two pools of ATP in the human brain by high-resolution 3D 31P MRSI at ultrahigh field 7T. These two ATP pools differ in cytosolic Mg2+ concentration (1:0.5 ratio), with a resonance separation of 0.5 ppm at beta-ATP, a well-established imaging marker of intracellular Mg2+ concentration. Mg2+ is a cofactor of ATPase and its deficiency is associated with immune dysfunction, free radical damage, perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis, development of atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia, and a number of neurological disorders, such as cerebral vasospasm, stroke, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Our study documents reduced Mg levels in the brain of patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD), which is an idiopathic, inflammatory, demyelinating condition of the central nervous system (CNS) more common in pediatric patients. Low-Mg2+ ATP signals in MOGAD were detected mostly in the white matter regions, which may suggest Mg2+ deficiency in oligodendrocytes, which are primarily responsible for maintenance and generation of the axonal myelin sheath. This preliminary study demonstrates the utility of the 7T 3D 31P MSRI for revealing altered energy metabolism with reduced Mg availability at a normal ATP level. The potential correlation between [Mg2+] and disease progression over time should be assessed in larger cohorts.

CHARACTERISTIC OF FREE-RADICAL DAMAGE AND ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION STATE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF MALABSORPTION SYNDROME

Oxidation processes play an important role in damage of the renal structures, especiallyagainst a background of other serious pathologies, in particular, malabsorptionsyndrome.The study of the mechanisms of mutual aggravation and progression of kidneydamage against a background of malabsorption is a very urgent problem of the presenttime.Purpose - to investigate the state of free radical oxidation of lipids, proteins andantioxidant defense in patients with chronic kidney disease of different ages withoxaluria against a background of malabsorption syndrome.Material and methods. 98 patients with chronic kidney disease of the I-II stages(pyelonephritis) with the presence of oxaluria against a background of malabsorptionsyndrome of different age were examined.The age of the patients under examination was32 - 64. All patients underwent a study of the system of free radical oxidation of lipidsand proteins.Results. chronic kidney disease with the presence of oxaluria is accompanied by asignificant increase in the blood content of free radical oxidation products, namelyaldehyde and ketone dinitrophenylhydrazones, especially of a neutral nature,malondialdehyde, as well as a significant decrease in the indicators of the antioxidantdefense system, which manifested itself to a greater extent in patients with older age.groups.Conclusion. An essential factor in the development and progression of chronic kidneydisease with the presence of oxaluria against a background of malabsorption syndromeis an increase in the intensity of free radical oxidation of lipids and proteins (mainly dueto aldehyde and ketondinitrophenylhydrazones of a neutral nature).

Cervical Spondylopathy and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation Coexist in Free Radical Metabolism and Focus Separation in the Body

Lumbar disc herniation is a common lumbar disease in clinics, which is related to improper use of lumbar vertebrae and osteoporosis. Surgical removal of nucleus pulposus and maintenance of lumbar structural stability are important for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. At present, in clinical percutaneous intervertebral foramen endoscopic surgery for lumbar disc herniation, interlaminar and intervertebral foramen approaches can be selected. Different approaches have different degrees of difficulty in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, and the clinical effects that may be obtained are different. In this study, we observed the influencing factors of plasma nitric oxide (NO) and free radical metabolism in patients with lumbar disc herniation and the correlation between the effects of focus separation. The organic combination of local and total illness differentiation and dialectics, conventional acupuncture, and electrical stimulation was highlighted in this study, which linked local acupoints squeezed by nerve roots with distant acupoints along meridians. The use of authoritative quantitative standards and a multifactor assessment of the disease can accurately represent the disease's severity. The patient's condition changes in each period may be expressed more accurately, thoroughly, and objectively through the rise or reduction of the score, making self-evaluation easier for the patient. Electroacupuncture at point may be one of the most important strategies to minimize free radical damage, based on changes in plasma levels.

Characterization and Anti-aging Tests of Peel-Off Gel Masks Made from Ethanolic Extract of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

BACKGROUND: Yarrow extract (Achillea millefolium) is recognized to have powerful antioxidants that protect the skin from free radical damage, skin whitening, and anti-aging properties. As a result, the application of antioxidants on the skin can be packaged into a peel-off gel mask preparation for face skin care. AIM: The goal of this study is to see how different concentrations of PVA and HPMC as film-forming and gelling agents affect the quality of peel-off gel masks made from ethanol extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) as an antiaging ingredient. METHODS: In order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluate the quality of the preparations, this research method uses quantitative analysis methods and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA by varying the concentrations of PVA (7-10%) and HPMC (2-4%) in order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluated the quality of the preparations. Organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, syneresis, skin irritation, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time of the mask were all evaluated. RESULT: The results of the experiment with different concentrations of PVA and HPMC enhanced dispersion and drying time, but had no effect on the viscosity value decrease. CONCLUCION: The quality of the peel off gel mask prepared from the ethanol extract of Yarrow was significantly affected by PVA and HPMC concentrations (p<0.05).

Antioxidants from Plant Sources and Free Radicals

Today, many factors such as advancing technology, environmental pollution, radiation, contaminated water, pesticides, heavy metals, stress and oxygen metabolism in living cells inevitably cause the formation of free radicals in the human body. Free radicals are very reactive forms of oxygen that destroy the cells of the organism. This calls for cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, diabetes and many more diseases. To provide solutions to these diseases, firstly, we can eliminate the negative effects of free radicals and prevent the formation of diseases. While there is an antioxidant defense system in the human body that can prevent this, the environmental factors encountered break down this defense resistance and sometimes make it inadequate. We can strengthen our weakened antioxidant defense systems by eating a natural and balanced diet and consuming fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants, thus preventing illness. Research shows that free radicals have a significant effect on aging, free radical damage can be controlled with adequate antioxidant defense, and optimal antioxidant nutrient intake can contribute to improved quality of life. This review is intended to highlight once again the importance of alternative antioxidants in the body to eliminate free radicals and their harmful effects.

Physiology of magnesium metabolism and the use of magnesium in intensive care (part 2)

In the second part of the review, aspects of changes in magnesium metabolism under conditions of severe stress, mechanisms of anti-stress protection of the body with the participation of magnesium, features of magnesium participation in water-electrolyte metabolism at the cellular level, the anti-inflammatory effect of magnesium and the role of magnesium in the processes of detoxification of the body in acute poisoning with certain poisons are consi-dered. The main mechanisms of the body’s magnesium defence are to suppress the mechanisms of oxidative stress by limiting the production of stress hormones, the intake of ionized calcium and sodium into cells with a decrease in the severity of transmineralization and sodium retention in the body, suppressing the action of factors that initiate the development of inflammation and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, in blocking and protecting glutamate receptors. Magnesium therapy can help keep effective energy production in the body in critical conditions by maintaining the functioning of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the work of the Na+/H+-exchanger, helping reduce the severity of cellular acidosis. The mechanisms of functioning and the prescription of the sodium-magnesium antiporter are discussed. Hypertonic solutions of magnesium sulfate are being injected at a high rate to create the effect of rapid low-volume fluid resuscitation, thereby eliminating the dangerous effects of severe hyperchloremia and hypernatremia that occur when using hypertonic sodium chloride solutions. In toxico-logy, magnesium preparations are used to protect the body when exposed to heavy metals, organophosphorus compounds. They also help reduce the severity of oxidative stress caused by heavy metals, inhibit excess production of endogenous carbon monoxide, and limit free radical damage in its pathological effect. During detoxification, magnesium prevents depletion of the antioxidant system by helping maintain sufficient levels of glutathione and other antioxidants in cells.

Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Decline: The Neuroprotective Role of Natural Antioxidants

Free- radicals (Oxygen and Nitrogen species) are formed in mitochondria during the oxidative phosphorylation. Their high reactivity, due to not-engaged electrons, leads to an increase of the oxidative stress. This condition affects above all the brain, that usually needs a large oxygen amount and in which there is the major possibility to accumulate “Reacting Species.” Antioxidant molecules are fundamental in limiting free-radical damage, in particular in the central nervous system: the oxidative stress, in fact, seems to worsen the course of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to sum up natural antioxidant molecules with the greatest neuroprotective properties against free radical genesis, understanding their relationship with the Central Nervous System.

The virucidal effects of 405 nm visible light on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus

The germicidal potential of specific wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum is an area of growing interest. While ultra-violet (UV) based technologies have shown satisfactory virucidal potential, the photo-toxicity in humans coupled with UV associated polymer degradation limit their use in occupied spaces. Alternatively, longer wavelengths with less irradiation energy such as visible light (405 nm) have largely been explored in the context of bactericidal and fungicidal applications. Such studies indicated that 405 nm mediated inactivation is caused by the absorbance of porphyrins within the organism creating reactive oxygen species which result in free radical damage to its DNA and disruption of cellular functions. The virucidal potential of visible-light based technologies has been largely unexplored and speculated to be ineffective given the lack of porphyrins in viruses. The current study demonstrated increased susceptibility of lipid-enveloped respiratory pathogens of importance such as SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-19) and influenza A virus to 405 nm, visible light in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers thereby indicating a potential alternative porphyrin-independent mechanism of visible light mediated viral inactivation. These results were obtained using less than expected irradiance levels which are considered safe for humans and commercially achievable. Our results support further exploration of the use of visible light technology for the application of continuous decontamination in occupied areas within hospitals and/or infectious disease laboratories, specifically for the inactivation of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A.

Dimeric Histidine as a Novel Free Radical Scavenger Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Liver Injury

Non-alcoholic liver injury (NLI) is a common disease worldwide. Since free radical damage in the liver is a crucial initiator leading to diseases, scavenging excess free radicals has become an essential therapeutic strategy. To enhance the antioxidant capacity of histidine, we synthesized a protonated dimeric histidine, H-bihistidine, and investigated its anti-free radical potential in several free-radical-induced NLI. Results showed that H-bihistidine could strongly scavenge free radicals caused by H2O2, fatty acid, and CCl4, respectively, and recover cell viability in cultured hepatocytes. In the animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver injury caused by high-fat diet, H-bihistidine reduced the contents of transaminases and lipids in serum, eliminated the liver’s fat accumulation, and decreased the oxidative damage. Moreover, H-bihistidine could rescue CCl4-induced liver injury and recover energy supply through scavenging free radicals. Moreover, liver fibrosis prepared by high-fat diet and CCl4 administration was significantly alleviated after H-bihistidine treatment. This study suggests a novel nonenzymatic free radical scavenger against NLI and, potentially, other free-radical-induced diseases.

In vivo study of the antihypertensive effect of bidara leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) during pregnancy

Background: Bidara is drought tolerant and very easy to grow in tropical climates such as Indonesia. Bidara contains a combination of calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and active flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activity that play a role in inhibiting free radical damage, improving endothelial function so that it can potentially lower blood pressure. Previous studies explained that a dose variant of no more than 300mg/kg BW is beneficial while minimizing pathological changes. However, there has been no research related to the effect of bidara leaf in lowering blood pressure, so it is necessary to do related research.Objective: Analyze the effect of bidara leaf extract at a 200 mg/kg BW dose and 300 mg/kg BW on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Methods: 24 pregnant female Wistar rats induced hypertension, aged 6-8 weeks with a weight of 130-230 grams. The rats were randomized so that they consisted of 2 control groups and two experimental groups, which were given various doses of bidara leaf for nine days. Blood pressure was measured using non-invasive CODA.Results: The blood pressure of rats in the bidara leaf extract group at doses of 200mg/kg BW and 300mg/kg BW decreased systolic and diastolic compared to the control group (p<0.05). The 200mg/kg BW dose group experienced a decrease in blood pressure of 12.3% for systolic and 16.32% for diastolic; the 300mg/kg BW dose group experienced a decrease in blood pressure of 19.99% for systolic and 27.73% for diastolic.Conclusion: Bidara leaf extract can reduce the blood pressure of pregnant rats with hypertension.