scholarly journals Early Childhood Caries Experience Associated with Upper Respiratory Infection in US Children: Findings from a Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albelali A ◽  
◽  
Wu TT ◽  
Malmstrom H ◽  
Xiao J ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Introduction: Both Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) are infectious diseases. The oral cavity is considered a potential reservoir of respiratory pathogens due to the anatomical proximity between the oral cavity and respiratory system, which implies a potential association between ECC and URI. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the association between ECC experience and URI incidence in preschool children. Methods: This retrospective cohort study collected data via electronic health records. The exposure was ECC before 3 years of age. The dependent variable was the incidence of URI between 4-6 years of age. To analyze the factors associated with the time-to-event of URI, we used log-rank tests and Cox regression models to compare the survival of URI between the ECC and Caries- Free (CF) groups, adjusting factors including demographic-socioeconomic characteristics and medical conditions. To analyze factors associated with the number of URI episodes, we used negative binomial regression models adjusting for factors mentioned above. Results: A total of 497 US preschool children were included, with 117 ECC and 380 CF children. More children with ECC (58.1%) developed URI than the CF group (47.6%) during the follow-up period (4-6 years of age) (p=0.04). The ECC children were at 1.6 times higher risk to develop URI than the CF children even after accounting for other URI risk factors (Hazard Ratio 1.57 (1.13, 2.10), p=0.007). Conclusions: Our study suggests a potential association between ECC and URI, with an inference that early life ECC experience could be used as a predictor for developing URI in preschool age. The causal relationship between ECC and URI incidence in young children needs to be investigated through future studies.

Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries in a Southeast Asian Population

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. van Palenstein Helderman ◽  
W. Soe ◽  
M.A. van ’t Hof
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Southeast Asian Population ◽  
Nocturnal Feeding

A retrospective cohort study on ECC and associated factors was conducted among mothers with 25- to 30-month-old infants in a community where prolonged breastfeeding was common practice. All infants who consumed sugary supplementary food or rice that was pre-chewed by the mother, or who fell asleep with the breast nipple in their mouths, had ECC. Infants without those habits, and who were breastfed up to 12 months, had no ECC. Breastfeeding during the day beyond the age of 12 months was not associated with ECC, but infants who were breastfed at night > 2 times had an OR for ECC of 35 (CI 6-186), and those who were exposed to > 15 min per nocturnal feeding had an OR for ECC of 100 (CI 10-995). The present study indicates that, in this population, besides the consumption of sugars and pre-chewed rice, nocturnal breastfeeding after the age of 12 months poses a risk of developing ECC.

scholarly journals Determination of Factors Associated with Critical Weight Loss in Oral Cavity Carcinoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
Haissan Iftikhar ◽  
Anwar Suhail ◽  
Karim Nathani ◽  
Amna Urooba ◽  
Noman Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Critical Weight ◽  
Factors Associated

Introduction Critical weight loss is defined as an unintentional weight loss of ≥ 5% at 1 month or ≥ 10% at 6 months from the start of treatment. Critical weight loss leads to deterioration of the immune function and reduced tolerance to treatment (surgery ± radiochemotherapy) as well as increased complication rates. Objective Critical weight loss, defined as a weight loss of ≥ 5% after 1 month or ≥ 10% after 6 months from the start of treatment, is not uncommon in head and neck cancer patients. We aimed to assess the factors associated with critical weight loss during the treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Aga Khan University Hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan, on 125 patients. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy were considered exposed, and the outcome was critical weight loss. Results The mean age of presentation was 46.9 ± 12.8 years in patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant therapy, with 119 (79.3%) of them being male and 31 (20.7%) female. One hundred and twelve patients (81.3%) developed critical weight loss at 6 months from the start of treatment, and the only significant variable associated with critical weight loss was the stage of the disease (p = 0.03). Conclusion A large proportion of patients with oral cancer developed critical weight loss requiring a need for intervention. The overall stage of the disease is a significant predictor of critical weight loss in patients undergoing treatment.

scholarly journals Characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for mortality of 522 167 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e049089
Author(s):  
Marcia C Castro ◽  
Susie Gurzenda ◽  
Eduardo Marques Macário ◽  
Giovanny Vinícius A França
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Hospitalised Patients

ObjectiveTo provide a comprehensive description of demographic, clinical and radiographic characteristics; treatment and case outcomes; and risk factors associated with in-hospital death of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil.DesignRetrospective cohort study of hospitalised patients diagnosed with COVID-19.SettingData from all hospitals across Brazil.Participants522 167 hospitalised patients in Brazil by 14 December 2020 with severe acute respiratory illness, and a confirmed diagnosis for COVID-19.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence of symptoms and comorbidities was compared by clinical outcomes and intensive care unit (ICU) admission status. Survival was assessed using Kaplan Meier survival estimates. Risk factors associated with in-hospital death were evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsOf the 522 167 patients included in this study, 56.7% were discharged, 0.002% died of other causes, 30.7% died of causes associated with COVID-19 and 10.2% remained hospitalised. The median age of patients was 61 years (IQR, 47–73), and of non-survivors 71 years (IQR, 60–80); 292 570 patients (56.0%) were men. At least one comorbidity was present in 64.5% of patients and in 76.8% of non-survivors. From illness onset, the median times to hospital and ICU admission were 6 days (IQR, 3–9) and 7 days (IQR, 3–10), respectively; 15 days (IQR, 9–24) to death and 15 days (IQR, 11–20) to hospital discharge. Risk factors for in-hospital death included old age, Black/Brown ethnoracial self-classification, ICU admission, being male, living in the North and Northeast regions and various comorbidities. Age had the highest HRs of 5.51 (95% CI: 4.91 to 6.18) for patients≥80, compared with those ≤20.ConclusionsCharacteristics of patients and risk factors for in-hospital mortality highlight inequities of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil. As the pandemic continues to unfold, targeted policies that address those inequities are needed to mitigate the unequal burden of COVID-19.

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