Resorcinarene Cavitand Polymers for the Remediation of Halomethanes and 1,4-Dioxane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Skala ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Max Justin Klemes ◽  
Leilei Xiao ◽  
William Dichtel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Regulatory Limits

<p>Executive summary: Porous resorcinarene-containing polymers are used to remove halomethane disinfection byproducts and 1,4-dioxane from water.<br></p><p><br></p><p>Disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes are some of the most common micropollutants found in drinking water. Trihalomethanes are formed upon chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) found in many drinking water sources. Municipalities that produce drinking water from surface water sources struggle to remain below regulatory limits for CHCl<sub>3</sub> and other trihalomethanes (80 mg L<sup>–1</sup> in the United States). Inspired by molecular CHCl<sub>3</sub>⊂cavitand host-guest complexes, we designed a porous polymer comprised of resorcinarene receptors. These materials show higher affinity for halomethanes than a specialty activated carbon used for trihalomethane removal. The cavitand polymers show similar removal kinetics as activated carbon and have high capacity (49 mg g<sup>–1</sup> of CHCl<sub>3</sub>). Furthermore, these materials maintain their performance in real drinking water and can be thermally regenerated under mild conditions. Cavitand polymers also outperform activated carbon in their adsorption of 1,4-dioxane, which is difficult to remove and contaminates many public water sources. These materials show promise for removing toxic organic micropollutants and further demonstrate the value of using supramolecular chemistry to design novel absorbents for water purification.<br></p>

Resorcinarene Cavitand Polymers for the Remediation of Halomethanes and 1,4-Dioxane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Skala ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Max Justin Klemes ◽  
Leilei Xiao ◽  
William Dichtel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Regulatory Limits

<p>Executive summary: Porous resorcinarene-containing polymers are used to remove halomethane disinfection byproducts and 1,4-dioxane from water.<br></p><p><br></p><p>Disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes are some of the most common micropollutants found in drinking water. Trihalomethanes are formed upon chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) found in many drinking water sources. Municipalities that produce drinking water from surface water sources struggle to remain below regulatory limits for CHCl<sub>3</sub> and other trihalomethanes (80 mg L<sup>–1</sup> in the United States). Inspired by molecular CHCl<sub>3</sub>⊂cavitand host-guest complexes, we designed a porous polymer comprised of resorcinarene receptors. These materials show higher affinity for halomethanes than a specialty activated carbon used for trihalomethane removal. The cavitand polymers show similar removal kinetics as activated carbon and have high capacity (49 mg g<sup>–1</sup> of CHCl<sub>3</sub>). Furthermore, these materials maintain their performance in real drinking water and can be thermally regenerated under mild conditions. Cavitand polymers also outperform activated carbon in their adsorption of 1,4-dioxane, which is difficult to remove and contaminates many public water sources. These materials show promise for removing toxic organic micropollutants and further demonstrate the value of using supramolecular chemistry to design novel absorbents for water purification.<br></p>

scholarly journals Development of a predictive model to determine micropollutant removal using granular activated carbon

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. de Ridder ◽  
M. McConville ◽  
A. R. D. Verliefde ◽  
L. T. J. van der Aa ◽  
S. G. J. Heijman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Micropollutant Removal ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract. The occurrence of organic micropollutants in drinking water and its sources has opened up a field of study related to monitoring concentration levels in water sources, evaluating their toxicity and estimating their removal in drinking water treatment processes. Because a large number of organic micropollutants is currently present (although in relatively low concentrations) in drinking water sources, a method should be developed to select which micropollutants has to be evaluated with priority. In this paper, a screening model is presented that can predict solute removal by activated carbon, in ultrapure water and in natural water. Solute removal prediction is based on a combination of solute hydrophobicity (expressed as log D, the pH corrected log Kow), solute charge and the carbon dose. Solute molecular weight was also considered as model input parameter, but this solute property appeared to relate insufficiently to solute removal. Removal of negatively charged solutes by preloaded activated carbon was reduced while the removal of positively charged solutes was increased, compared with freshly regenerated activated carbon. Differences in charged solute removal by freshly regenerated activated carbon were small, indicating that charge interactions are an important mechanism in adsorption onto preloaded carbon. The predicted solute removal was within 20 removal-% deviation of experimentally measured values for most solutes.

scholarly journals Development of a predictive model to determine micropollutant removal using granular activated carbon

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. de Ridder ◽  
M. McConville ◽  
A. R. D. Verliefde ◽  
L. T. J. van der Aa ◽  
S. G. J. Heijman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Micropollutant Removal ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract. The occurrence of organic micropollutants in drinking water and its sources has opened up a field of study related to monitoring concentration levels in water sources, evaluating their toxicity and estimating their removal in drinking water treatment processes. Because a large number of organic micropollutants is currently present (although in relatively low concentrations) in drinking water sources, a method should be developed to select which micropollutants has to be evaluated with priority. In this paper, a screening model is presented that can predict solute removal by activated carbon, in ultrapure water and in natural water. Solute removal prediction is based on a combination of solute hydrophobicity (expressed as log D, the pH corrected log Kow), solute charge and the carbon dose. Solute molecular weight was also considered as model input parameter, but this solute property appeared to relate insufficiently to solute removal. Removal of negatively charged solutes by preloaded activated carbon was reduced while the removal of positively charged solutes was increased, compared with freshly regenerated activated carbon. Differences in charged solute removal by freshly regenerated activated carbon were small, indicating that charge interactions are an important mechanism in adsorption onto preloaded carbon. The predicted solute removal was within 20 removal-% deviation of experimentally measured values.

Does Granular Activated Carbon with Chlorination Produce Safer Drinking Water? From Disinfection Byproducts and Total Organic Halogen to Calculated Toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 5987-5999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A. Cuthbertson ◽  
Susana Y. Kimura ◽  
Hannah K. Liberatore ◽  
R. Scott Summers ◽  
Detlef R. U. Knappe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Organic Halogen ◽  
Total Organic Halogen

scholarly journals Micropollutants in wastewater and their degradation by ferrates (VI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emília Kubiňáková ◽  
Lucia Fašková ◽  
Eva Králiková ◽  
Ján Híveša ◽  
Tomáš Mackuľak
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potassium Ferrate ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Pollutants ◽  
Removal Processes

Abstract In recent years, the occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in sewage-, surface-, ground- and drinking water, and their removal processes are widely discussed. The content of various chemical organic/inorganic pollutants (pharmaceuticals, drugs, pesticides, hormones, heavy metals etc.) has increased over the years. Most of these compounds are not eliminated or biotransformed in traditional wastewater treatment plants. Several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the removal of resistant micropollutants from water sources have been studied. Ferrate (VI) has aroused interest as an alternative oxidizing agent in drinking water preoxidation treatment. Electrochemically prepared potassium ferrate was used to remove the studied organic micropollutants. The effect of ferrate on two widely occurring organic micropollutants in water sources, carbamazepine and caffeine, was investigated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for sample analysis.

Testing monolithic activated carbon adsorbers for in-line removal of organic micropollutants

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1693-1699
Author(s):  
Inga Hilbrandt ◽  
Aki Sebastian Ruhl ◽  
Martin Jekel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Flow Rates

Anthropogenic organic micropollutants (OMP) occur along the whole urban water cycle including drinking water. Various OMP can be efficiently adsorbed onto activated carbon. In the present study a commercial monolithic adsorber (MA), originally developed for gas treatment, was examined for the removal of OMP from drinking water. As a promising advantage, the adsorber can be introduced into existing pipes without causing substantial pressure losses. The MA was first characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Weight loss during incineration at 550 °C indicated an activated carbon content of around 25%. Adsorption isotherms were recorded with milled material of the MA to estimate the capacity of the embedded adsorbent. Long-term flow-through experiments with two different flow rates were conducted to estimate the in-line removal efficiency. At low flow rates removals of 60% benzotriazole, 40% carbamazepine and 30% diclofenac were observed initially followed by a linear increase of effluent concentrations. Calculated loadings after 60 days of operation were e.g. 30 μg benzotriazole per g adsorber or 110 μg benzotriazole per g activated carbon as constituent of the adsorber. For specific applications, MA might be useful for the in-line elimination of OMP within drinking water distribution systems.

scholarly journals Pilot-scale removal of organic micropollutants and natural organic matter from drinking water using ozonation followed by granular activated carbon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Ullberg ◽  
Elin Lavonen ◽  
Stephan J. Köhler ◽  
Oksana Golovko ◽  
Karin Wiberg
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Scale Removal

Conventional drinking water treatment is inefficient in removing a large fraction of known organic micropollutants (OMPs). Ozonation in combination with granular activated carbon is a promising approach for addressing this issue.

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