scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF A SUPERHERO IN AMERICAN CINEMATOGRAPH

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Валентина Львовна Тихонова ◽  
Олег Игоревич Закутнов
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Western World ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Game Context ◽  
Good And Evil

Цель статьи - показать, как трансформация образов супергероя в американском кинематографе отражает изменения исторических и культурных ценностей в сознании людей в течении относительно небольшого временного отрезка с начала XX - по начало XXI вв. Если первая половина XX века породила мифологизированных героев с четким делением на добрых и злых, соответствующих параметрам бинарности, в которых нуждалось западное общество, в связи с мировыми войнами, то во второй половине XX века, распространяющаяся на весь западный мир постмодернистская парадигма, с идеей множественности истин, множества возможностей для раскрытия подвижного креативного потенциала приводит к появлению амбивалентного героя - трикстера. Постмодернистская парадигма задает определенный игровой контекст: постмодернистская игра ведется с любыми условностями, формами, стилями, дискурсами. Поэтому такой супергерой уже не только спаситель, он вмещает в себе противоречия, совмещающие в себе разные образы героев и антигероев. На этом трансформация образа супергероя не завершается: появляются супергерои с исключительно отрицательными качествами, противостоят которым простые люди. Кроме постмодернистских тенденций, важным фактором, повлиявшим на эволюцию супергероя, явилась конкурентная борьба за читателя и зрителя между двумя крупнейшими компаниями по производству комиксов DC и Marvel. В статье использовались методы анализа, интерпретации, структурно-функциональный и компаративистский, показан процесс эволюции супергероического образа в американском кинематографе под влиянием современных постмодернистских установок и коммерческих проектов кампаний, специализирующихся в производстве супергероики. The purpose of the article is to show how the transformation of superhero images in American cinema reflects changes in historical and cultural values in the minds of people over a relatively short period of time (from the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st centuries). If the first half of the XX century gave birth to mythologized heroes with a clear division into good and evil, corresponding to the parameters of binary that Western society needed in connection with world wars, then in the second half of the XX century, spreading to the entire Western world the postmodern paradigm, with the idea of a plurality of truths, of a multitude of possibilities for revealing a mobile creative potential, leads to the emergence of an ambivalent hero - a trick-ster. The postmodern paradigm sets a certain game context: the postmodern game is played with any conventions, forms, styles, discourses. Therefore, such a superhero is no longer only a savior, he contains contradictions that combine different images of heroes and antiheroes. The transformation of the superhero image does not end there: superheroes appear with extremely negative qualities, which are opposed by ordinary people. In addition to postmodern tendencies, an important factor that influenced the evolution of the super-hero was the competition for reader and viewer between the two largest comic companies DC and Marvel. The article used methods of analysis, interpretation, structural-functional and comparative, shows the process of evolution of the super-heroic image in American cinema under the influence of modern postmodern attitudes and commercial projects of campaigns specializing in the production of superheroics.

Philosophy Educating Humanity

1998 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Carl Becker
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Western World ◽  
Common Values ◽  
Asian Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Ideals

The 20th century may be considered the ultimate expression of Western ideals and philosophy: "civilized" humanity's attempt to dominate "uncivilized" peoples and nature. The 21st century soberingly proclaims the shortsightedness and ultimate unsustainability of this philosophy. This paper shows the limitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) from competition to cooperation; (7) from glorification of wealth to respect for humanhood; (8) from absolute cultural values to necessary common values. Each of these attitudes is examined in light of what we now know about the world in the 21st century, as Asian philosophy is found applicable to address future problems.

scholarly journals Discovering the Empire: Julija Pranaitytė’s Guidebook to Europe and Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Juozapas Paškauskas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Christian Culture ◽  
Literature History ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Different Cultures

The significance of Iš kelionės po Europą ir Aziją (1914), the guidebook by Julija Pranaitytė, a Lithuanian intellectual from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, depended not just on the fact that the author was the first Lithuanian female traveller to comprehensively document the experiences of a modern tourist in the early 20th century, but that the book itself was the first guidebook to the Russian Empire to be published in Lithuanian. The guidebook is an attempt by member of the intelligentsia with strong Catholic views to provide practical information about a modernizing and increasingly mobile world. Thus, the intended target of Pranaitytė book is twofold. Firstly, it is more mobile yet still poorly educated working-class reader who is being constantly warned about possible threads of being fooled or cheated. The reader could find advice in guidebook about things worth having while travelling, how to communicate, and what to expect. The guidebook also provides historical information about places visited, cultural insights, similarities and differences to Western society in such a way the book could be interesting and useful for middle-calls traveler as well. There is also a more general problem relating to the author’s approach to the guidebook: what representations of different cultures and nations did early 20th-century Lithuanians share, and what did these representations mean in the religious, imperial and international contexts of the time? As is often the case in travel literature, history is presented here selectively, taking into account the dominant cultural monologue. It has a clear purpose in Pranaitytė’s guidebook: to spread a vision of the moral and religious superiority of Western and Christian culture. However, having in mind that growing number of workers and middle class were engage in Lithuanian national movement at the beginning of 20th century, this prejudges becomes paradoxical because Empire’s religious and cultural values are shown as cultural foundation for discovering new parts of late Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Galona’s review of victim labelling theory: A rejoinder

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Crime Victims ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Imitation Of Christ ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Labelling Theory ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Practical Implications

In this article the author responds to a review by Galona (2018) of the historical-theological parts of victim labelling theory as elaborated previously in this journal and elsewhere (van Dijk, 2009). According to Galona, the term ‘victima/victim’ as a special name for Jesus Christ was not coined by Reformation theologians like Calvin, as asserted by van Dijk, but was for example already widely used by Roman poets. It also appeared in pre-Reformation theological writings for centuries. In his rejoinder, the author explains that Roman poets indeed sometimes used the term ‘victima’ for human beings but did so in a purely metaphorical sense. He agrees with Galona that the use of this label in its figural sense denoting Christ’s deep and innocent suffering emerged in theological writings pre-dating the Reformation. However, the label only ‘went viral’ around the time of the Reformation and has, from that time onwards, been the universal colloquial term for ordinary people victimised by crime across the Western world. In the second part of the article, the author elaborates on the theoretical and practical implications of the Christian roots of the ‘victima’ label. For centuries, victims of crime were expected to undergo their suffering meekly, in imitation of Christ. Ongoing secularisation has emancipated crime victims from the restraining ‘victima’ label, allowing them to freely speak up for themselves. Recent victim-friendly reforms of criminal justice have been driven by the need to find a new, victim-centred legitimacy in an increasingly secularised world.

scholarly journals Complex urbarchitectonic structures of Pristina and Novi Pazar cities

Spatium ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dzemila Beganovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
New Models ◽  
Urban Organization ◽  
Modern Movement

Contemporary urban development has changed the traditional cities all over the world. In our region, the typical Balkan cities of oriental origin, structure and outlook were almost totally transformed in the second half of the 20th century. Modern movement brought new models of urban organization, different communication concepts and a variety of concepts of modern buildings. Among others, the idea of complex urbarchitectonic structures in urban tissue spread under specific influences and models. After a short review of modern urban development and the idea of complex urban structures, this paper explores urban transformation of less researched cities such as Pristina and Novi Pazar. The focus is on the phenomenon of complex urbarchitectonic structures built in related cities in a short period from 1969-1989. Four complex urbarchitectonic structures will be presented: Kicma and complex in JNA Street in Pristina and Lucne buildings and Jezero buildings in Novi Pazar.

scholarly journals innovative approach to training students of art pedagogical universities

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 619-632
Author(s):  
Viktor M. Labunets ◽  
Irіna O. Topchieva ◽  
Anzhelika Bondarenko ◽  
Dmytro Bondarenko ◽  
Liming Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Modern Music ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Stage Of Development

The distinctive feature of modern musical art is the constant search for new expressive means. Innovations infiltrated all aspects of composition, including the writing technique, understanding of the genre, style, form, and instrumental interpretation. These efforts are aimed at a true diverse and multifaceted embodiment of reality, which is constantly changing due to grand social upheavals. “Creative experiment, inquisitive search, and desire for renewal are inevitable and necessary in modern music. Without these experiments, artistic creativity becomes shallow, declines, and is subjected to sclerotic necrosis”. The growing need for a highly spiritual society requires a rapprochement to teaching and educating the younger generation to develop its spiritual and cultural values, personal and artistic orientations. These trends are primarily related to maintaining and increasing the intellectual and creative potential of a person who can express oneself through professional activities. In this case, the modern socio-cultural stage of development of musical-pedagogical education brings attention to new quality requirements to training of the experts that supposes the necessity and urgency of updating a problem of methodological training of music teachers.

scholarly journals A filológiai tudás mint határtapasztalat

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
László Bengi
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Publication Practices

Publication practices during the early decades of the 20th century had a significant impact on the approach to literary works for both writers and readers. The majority of authors, including Kosztolányi, published the same work several times in different papers. The genealogy of texts is pervaded by the effects of contingency and unintentionality due to the lack of authorial, and sometimes editorial, control in the extensive and variable dissemination of works. Nevertheless, since the interaction of variants and their contexts can be conceived of as a mutual process, the mentioned publication practices also give rise to the possibility that a textual frame can be built around a work by re-publishing connected writings of the author’s oeuvre in the same paper within a short period. As an example, i show how Kosztolányi compiled an almost invisible series of short stories about death and suicide around the publication of one of his novels in the middle of the 1920s.

scholarly journals Post-print manuscript: College Students in the Western World are Becoming Less Emotionally Intelligent: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Trait Emotional Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahreen Khan ◽  
Amirali Minbashian ◽  
Carolyn MacCann
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Western World ◽  
Trait Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Digital Landscape ◽  
Emotionally Intelligent

Objective: Over the last two decades, Western society has undergone a marked cultural transformation characterised by rising individualism. Concurrently, the digital landscape has transformed through the rise of social media and smartphones. These factors have previously been implicated in changing individuals’ attitudes, behaviour and interpersonal interactions. We investigated whether these societal changes have coincided with changes in trait emotional intelligence (EI) over the last 17 years in Western university students. Method: We examined this question using a cross-temporal meta-analysis (k = 70; N = 16,917). Results: There was no change in overall trait EI; however, the trait EI domains “wellbeing,” “self-control” and “emotionality” demonstrated significant decreases with time, after controlling for gender composition and between-country differences. Conclusion: We discuss these findings in relation to how they contribute to our understanding of trait EI, and how they add to the literature on how Western society is changing with time.

Audit of antenatal care

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion H Hall
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Western World ◽  
Intensity Of Care

Although antenatal care was widely introduced in the Western world only in the 20th century, it is now universally accepted and advocated as beneficial and advisable for all pregnant women and hence consumes a considerable amount of accommodation, equipment, professional time and costs to the women themselves. Resource use is rarely measured routinely but must vary enormously because of differences in the amount and intensity of care proposed, and in its uptake, in different geographical settings. However, even when resource use is at the lower end of the spectrum, antenatal care should be audited so that the needs of women and their babies can be best addressed.

What the World Is Watching

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-48
Author(s):  
Sharon Mazer
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Professional Wrestling ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Madison Square Garden

More than a vulgar parody of “real” sport, professional wrestling is a sophisticated theatricalized representation of the transgressive, violent urges generally repressed in everyday life. More than a staged fight between representatives of good and evil, at its heart is a Rabelaisian carnival, an invitation to every participant to share in expressions of excess and to celebrate the desire for, if not the acting upon, transgression against whatever cultural values are perceived as dominant and/or oppressive in everyday life. More than an elaborate con game in which spectators are seduced into accepting the illusion of “real” violence, wrestling activates and authorizes its audiences, makes them complicit in the performance. Matches can be described in conventional dramatic terms that remain consistent whether in Madison Square Garden or Gleason’s Arena. Because the fight is fixed, the contest is for heat—for the fans’ attention—rather than for victory per se.

Anti-Semitism including the Holocaust

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The 19Th Century

Anti-Semitism, a term coined in Europe at the end of the 19th century, is the hatred of Jews and Jewishness, the latter being perceived in widely varying and contradictory ways. By the early 20th century, Jewishness was associated negatively with capitalism as well as with Communism and an adherence to ancient, outmoded beliefs and keenness toward urban and modernist sensibilities. Purveyors of anti-Semitism drew caricatures of Jews to fit a variety of exclusionary agendas, casting blame on the minority group for upsetting Christian, nativist, and purist values in politics, nationalism, religion, or culture. Modernist artists who were prone to agree with arguments that foretold the decline of civilization drew on the figure of the Jew to embody a series of malaises, depicting Jews as unwanted, archetypal Others to Western cultural values.

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