scholarly journals Galona’s review of victim labelling theory: A rejoinder

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Crime Victims ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Imitation Of Christ ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Labelling Theory ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Practical Implications

In this article the author responds to a review by Galona (2018) of the historical-theological parts of victim labelling theory as elaborated previously in this journal and elsewhere (van Dijk, 2009). According to Galona, the term ‘victima/victim’ as a special name for Jesus Christ was not coined by Reformation theologians like Calvin, as asserted by van Dijk, but was for example already widely used by Roman poets. It also appeared in pre-Reformation theological writings for centuries. In his rejoinder, the author explains that Roman poets indeed sometimes used the term ‘victima’ for human beings but did so in a purely metaphorical sense. He agrees with Galona that the use of this label in its figural sense denoting Christ’s deep and innocent suffering emerged in theological writings pre-dating the Reformation. However, the label only ‘went viral’ around the time of the Reformation and has, from that time onwards, been the universal colloquial term for ordinary people victimised by crime across the Western world. In the second part of the article, the author elaborates on the theoretical and practical implications of the Christian roots of the ‘victima’ label. For centuries, victims of crime were expected to undergo their suffering meekly, in imitation of Christ. Ongoing secularisation has emancipated crime victims from the restraining ‘victima’ label, allowing them to freely speak up for themselves. Recent victim-friendly reforms of criminal justice have been driven by the need to find a new, victim-centred legitimacy in an increasingly secularised world.

scholarly journals The zone of non-being: When belonging becomes more important than being

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
Theological Anthropology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Practical Theological ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Better Than

Silent screams echo in South Africa, objecting to violence due to cultural and gender differences. Bitterness and anger increase as the cultures, knowledge systems and ways of being or ‘non-being’ are despised, demonised and declared substandard and irrational or even eliminated. Most of these individuals cannot afford to speak up, because belonging has become more important than being. It is inevitable that people would question their personhood and dignity when they find themselves in the space of intersection between culture, gender and violence. If the meaning of formosus is to bring out the beauty of each person, how is it that ‘non-being’ for some is better than being? In the fable of Hyginus, an alternative word for ‘being’ is ‘care’. Human beings’ existence is essentially dependent on care. The intersection between culture, gender and violence probes for the reformation of practical theological anthropology and, especially, a rethinking of the ministry of compassion. This article seeks to explore hermeneutics of renewal. The focus is on restoring and reforming the human being which can help non-beings to express their deepest quest for personhood and dignity. In this sense, dignity is defined as being one with all the multiplicities, systems and paradoxes of one’s own way of being, doing and knowing. The epistemology is from a pastoral care point of view.

Towards Coherent European Crime Victims Policies and Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Dobrinka Chankova ◽  
Gergana Georgieva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Protection Order ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
Policies And Practices

Abstract This study explores the latest developments on the European scale of the policies and practices towards victims of crime. Due to many economic and political factors a lot of people are in movement and exposed to the risk of becoming victims of crime. During the last decade the statistics already records enhanced victimization of the global European society. These have provoked numerous legislative actions and practical initiatives in order to ensure safety, to prevent falling victims to crime and to protect better victim’s rights and needs. The European Protection Order Directive, Victims’ Directive and Convention against domestic violence, are among the most advanced legal acts worldwide. However, it is observed that their implementation in Europe is asymmetric and sometimes problematic. This paper explores the role of the national governments and specialized agencies and mainly the deficits in their activities leading to the non-usage of victims of all the existing opportunities. The newest supra-national acts aiming at the acceleration of transposition and ratification of these important for the building of victim-friendly environment documents, are discussed. Practical recommendations for a more effective victim protection are developed.

The perception of humanness in conversational journalism: An algorithmic information-processing perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482199380
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
User Perception ◽  
User Experiences ◽  
Step Flow ◽  
Algorithmic Information ◽  
Information Processing Perspective ◽  
Practical Implications

How much do anthropomorphisms influence the perception of users about whether they are conversing with a human or an algorithm in a chatbot environment? We develop a cognitive model using the constructs of anthropomorphism and explainability to explain user experiences with conversational journalism (CJ) in the context of chatbot news. We examine how users perceive anthropomorphic and explanatory cues, and how these stimuli influence user perception of and attitudes toward CJ. Anthropomorphic explanations of why and how certain items are recommended afford users a sense of humanness, which then affects trust and emotional assurance. Perceived humanness triggers a two-step flow of interaction by defining the baseline to make a judgment about the qualities of CJ and by affording the capacity to interact with chatbots concerning their intention to interact with chatbots. We develop practical implications relevant to chatbots and ascertain the significance of humanness as a social cue in CJ. We offer a theoretical lens through which to characterize humanness as a key mechanism of human–artificial intelligence (AI) interaction, of which the eventual goal is humans perceive AI as human beings. Our results help to better understand human–chatbot interaction in CJ by illustrating how humans interact with chatbots and explaining why humans accept the way of CJ.

scholarly journals Western Medical Rehabilitation through Time: A Historical and Epistemological Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Everyday Reality

Medical rehabilitation is the process targeted to promote and facilitate the recovery from physical damage, psychological and mental disorders, and clinical disease. The history of medical rehabilitation is closely linked to the history of disability. In the ancient western world disabled subjects were excluded from social life. In ancient Greece disability was surmounted only by means of its complete removal, and given that disease was considered a punishment attributed by divinities to human beings because of their faults and sins, only a full physical, mental, and moral recovery could reinsert disabled subjects back in the society of “normal” people. In the Renaissance period, instead, general ideas functional for the prevention of diseases and the maintaining of health became increasingly technical notions, specifically targeted to rehabilitate disabled individuals. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insights into many different branches of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges, around the middle of the twentieth century, it derives from a combination of management approaches focusing on the orthopaedic and biomechanical understanding of patterns of movement, on the mastering of neuropsychological mechanisms, and on the awareness of the social-occupational dimension of everyday reality.

Mandatory Compensation Orders for Crime Victims and the Rhetoric of Restorative Justice

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Warner ◽  
Jenny Gawlik
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Legislative Measures

Increased recognition of the need for victims of crime to be integrated into the criminal justice system and to receive adequate reparation has led, in a number of jurisdictions, to legislative measures to encourage the greater use of compensation orders. The Sentencing Act 1997 (Tas) (which came into force on 1 August 1998) went further and made compensation orders compulsory for property damage or loss resulting from certain crimes. This article shows that this measure has failed victims and argues that they have been used in the service of other ends. Mandatory compensation orders are a token gesture repackaged as restorative justice to gain public support for the administration of the criminal justice system.Ways in which compensation orders could be made more effective and the possibilities of accommodating restorative compensation into a conventional criminal justice system are explored.

Contemporary Japanese art: between globalization and localization

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eimi Tagore-Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Western World ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Western Hegemony ◽  
Global Art ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the influence that globalization has had on the development of the contemporary Japanese art production. The study also aims to expand the global narrative of Japanese art by introducing concepts behind festivals for revitalization that have been occurring in Japan in recent years. Design/methodology/approach Guided by Culture Theorist Nira Yuval-Davies’ approach to the politics of belonging, the paper is situated within cultural studies and considers the development of contemporary art in Japan in relation to the power structures present within the global art market. This analysis draws heavily from the research of art historians Reiko Tomii, Adrian Favell, and Gennifer Weisenfeld, and is complemented by investigative research into the life of Art Director Kitagawa Fram, as well as observational analyses formed by on-site study of the Setouchi Triennale in 2015 and 2016. Findings The paper provides historical insight to the ways that the politics of belonging to the western world has created a limited benchmark for critical discussion about contemporary Japanese art. It suggests that festivals for revitalization in Japan not only are a good source of diversification, but also evidences criticism therein. Research limitations/implications Due to the brevity of this text, readers are encouraged to further investigate the source material for more in-depth understanding of the topics. Practical implications The paper implies that art historiography should take a multilateral approach to avoid a western hegemony in the field. Originality/value This paper fulfills a need to reflect on the limited global reception to Japanese art, while also identifying one movement that art historians and theorists may take into account in the future when considering a Japanese art discourse.

scholarly journals Relationship between the police and crime victims: An analysis of the process and the level of satisfaction with police work

Temida ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
Milan Klisaric ◽  
Aurelija Djan
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Work ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lgbt Community ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Treat All ◽  
And Behavior

The task of this study was to investigate the level of satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. The aim of this research was to examine whether the police treat all victims of crime equally responsibly, or whether there is a significant difference in the satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. On an occasional sample of 150 examinees, we analyzed the level of satisfaction of crime victims in relation to the expectations of the police regarding the reported criminal offenses and then the level of satisfaction towards different aspects of work and conduct of the police, such as reporting crime to the police, environmental conditions of interview and human compassion/empathy of police officers. The results indicate a significant difference in the satisfaction of specified aspects of police work among different categories of victims. Most dissatisfaction was expressed by members of the LGBT community and convicted persons when they appear in the role of victims. The research makes recommendations for improving the quality of the work and behavior of the police towards victims of crime.

scholarly journals The Costs and Labour of Whistleblowing: Bodily Vulnerability and Post-disclosure Survival

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Kenny ◽  
Marianna Fotaki
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Ethical Duty ◽  
Speaking Out ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
To Come ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
Practical Implications

AbstractWhistleblowers are a vital means of protecting society because they provide information about serious wrongdoing. And yet, people who speak up can suffer. Even so, debates on whistleblowing focus on compelling employees to come forward, often overlooking the risk involved. Theoretical understanding of whistleblowers’ post-disclosure experience is weak because tangible and material impacts are poorly understood due partly to a lack of empirical detail on the financial costs of speaking out. To address this, we present findings from a novel empirical study surveying whistleblowers. We demonstrate how whistleblowers who leave their role as a result of speaking out can lose both the financial and temporal resources necessary to redevelop their livelihoods post-disclosure. We also show how associated costs involving significant legal and health expenditure can rise. Based on these insights, our first contribution is to present a new conceptual framing of post-disclosure experiences, drawing on feminist theory, that emphasizes the bodily vulnerability of whistleblowers and their families. Our second contribution repositions whistleblowing as a form of labour defending against precarity, which involves new expenses, takes significant time, and often must be carried out with depleted income. Bringing forth the intersubjective aspect of the whistleblowing experience, our study shows how both the post-disclosure survival of whistleblowers, and their capacity to speak, depend on institutional supports or, in their absence, on personal networks. By reconceptualizing post-disclosure experiences in this way—as material, embodied and intersubjective—practical implications for whistleblower advocacy and policy emerge, alongside contributions to theoretical debates. Reversing typical formulations in business ethics, we turn extant debates on the ethical duty of employees to speak up against wrongdoing on their heads. We argue instead for a responsibility to protect whistleblowers exposed to vulnerability, a duty owed by those upon whose behalf they speak.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP ANAK

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Victims Of Crime

<p>Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, affirms that children are a mandate as well as the gift of God the Almighty, which we must always guard because in them the dignity, dignity and rights as human beings must be upheld. Children who are victims of crime are weak people who often cannot protect and help themselves because of their situation and conditions. Crime of sexual violence against children is a crime that uses violence or threats of violence<br />against children so that the child can be controlled for sexual relations. Internal factors causing criminal acts of sexual violence such as the proximity of the perpetrator to the victim, the role of the perpetrator, and the position of the victim. External factors that cause sexual violence crimes, namely environmental influences, such as being far from the crowd, lonely, or closed places that allow perpetrators to commit sexual violence.</p>

scholarly journals Yoga and victims

Temida ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Victim Support ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Victims Of Crime

In this paper the findings of literature review and explorative empirical research of yoga application in the work with victims of various forms of sufferings is presented. The largest notion of victim is accepted, which encompasses victims of crime, victims of human rights violations (including convicted persons), as well as victims of war, natural disasters and other sufferings. After determination of the notion of victim and yoga, the review and analyses of research findings and direct experiences with the application of yoga in victim support and victimisation prevention worldwide and in Serbia, is done. The author?s research findings as well as personal experiences with the application of yoga in the work with prisoners in prison for women in Pozarevac (Serbia), within the workshops that Victimology Society of Serbia implemented during 2012/2013, are presented as well. In the conclusions, contribution of yoga to holistic approach to victim support as well as important role that yoga may have in prevention of victimisation and criminalisation, is stressed. The importance of yoga for support of prisoners as the part of preparation for re-entry and with the aim to prevent recidivism, as well as to enable their more successful reintegration into the society, is particularly emphasised. The paper is based on the research implemented by the author for the purpose of writing the final essey at the course for yoga instructors on International yoga academy, Yoga Allience of Serbia.

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