scholarly journals MULTIMODAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY OF PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Gulnora Akmalovna Yusupalieva ◽  
Elyor Allayarovich Akhmedov ◽  
Munisa Yakupjanovna Abzalova
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Comprehensive Examination

Introduction. Pneumonia and its complications are one of the leading causes of death in children worldwide. According to the WHO in 2017, 808,694 children under the age of 5 died of pneumonia, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under the age of 5 worldwide. Materials and methods. The object of the study was 154 children with pulmonary and pleural complications of pneumonia in the age aspect from 3 months to 18 years, who were examined and treated at the clinic of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute for the period from 2014 to 2019. A comprehensive examination of children was carried out at the TashPMI clinic. Digital radiography was the main and primary radiation method of investigation for suspected pulmonary complications of pneumonia in children. In case of destructive pneumonia, the zones of infiltration of the lung tissue (“darkening”) with a decrease in its airiness were determined on X-ray images. It was obligatory to perform radiographs in two projections – direct and lateral. Results and Discussion. We have identified radiation signs of pulmonary complications in children. Pulmonary complications accounted for 92 children, of whom 75 (57.0%) were diagnosed with pulmonary destruction and 17 (43.0%) with lung abscess. Destructive changes in lung tissue were found in young children, mainly up to 3 years of age. Conclusion. Thus, the results of our study showed that the use of high-tech methods of radiation examination significantly increases the accuracy of diagnosing lung lesions with complications of pneumonia at different stages of examination and treatment of patients.

Clinical Impressions of How Young Children Use AAC at Home and in Child Care Settings: A Canadian Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Kathryn Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Young Children ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Multicultural Community ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Stakeholder Input

Abstract Speech-language pathologists, working in a multicultural, community-based environment for young children with special needs in Vancouver, Canada, collected information on 84 clients using AAC from a chart review. The speech-language pathologists collected additional usage information and attended a group interview to discuss barriers and facilitators of AAC. Thirty-one percent of the children were using AAC. Children aged between 16 and 72 months typically relied on multiple modes of communication, including sign, communication boards and binders, and low- and high-tech communication devices. All of the children used at least one type of unaided mode. Fifty-five percent used pictures or communication boards/displays, and 29% used technology with speech output. Similarities in usage of AAC were noted in home and child-care settings with increased use of unaided in homes and a slightly increased use of aided communication in child care settings. Speech-language pathologists reported that the time needed for AAC intervention as well as limited funding for high-tech devices continue to be major barriers. Additional research is needed to describe current AAC practices with young children particularly from minority linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Stakeholder input is needed to explore perceptions of children's usage of AAC in daily life with familiar and unfamiliar communication partners.

First experience with MRI-guided vacuum aspirated breast biopsy

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
M. L. Mazo ◽  
O. E. Jacobs ◽  
O. S. Puchkova ◽  
M. V. Feldsherov ◽  
E. V. Kondratyev
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Augmentation ◽  
Breast Biopsy ◽  
Breast Mri ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
High Tech ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vacuum Aspiration ◽  
Mri Guided ◽  
Aesthetic Breast

The rate of detection of breast cancer by MRI, while other methods of radiological diagnosis are not sufficiently informative, ranges from 5.2 to 26.3 per cent. Suspicious breast tumors of category BI-RADS 4, 5 show morphological image-guided biopsy verification, in particular MRI with contrast. Purpose. To show the possibilities and features of carrying out MRI-guided vacuum breast biopsy, including after aesthetic breast augmentation. Material and methods. A comprehensive X-ray, ultrasound and MRI examination of 54 women aged between 28 and 70 years with different breast tumors was conducted. Of these, five were detected only by breast MRI with contrast, and were morphologically verified by MRI-guided vacuum aspiration biopsy. Results. 14 of the 54 patients with breast mass were diagnosed with breast cancer and 26 were diagnosed with benign diseases. The effectiveness of comprehensive examination and low-invasive high-tech MRI-guided procedures in early refined screening for breast cancer, including after aesthetic breast augmentation, has been demonstrated. MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy is a fast, safe and accurate diagnostic method of morphological verification of suspicious breast tumors that do not have X-ray and ultrasound.

Methods of early diagnostics of severe pneumonia in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurgalam Amiraliev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Early Diagnostics ◽  
Key Words Pneumonia ◽  
Pneumonia Severity ◽  
Acute Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Tissue Damage

Studies have shown that the severity and outcome of acute pneumonia largely depends on the prevalence of the focus of inflammation in the lung tissue, which is determined radiologically. We analyzed and determined a statistically significant effect of the degree of lung tissue damage on the severity and prognosis of pneumonia in young children, taking into account the conditions of infection. In pneumonia, χ² = 47.13 (p <0.001), indicates that the greater the degree of damage, the greater the likelihood of a severe course and unfavorable outcome of pneumonia. Key words: pneumonia, severity of the course, outcome, young children

scholarly journals Pulmonary alterations in cocaine users

2004 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Terra Filho ◽  
Chen Chin Yen ◽  
Ubiratan de Paula Santos ◽  
Daniel Romero Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Pulmonary Infarction ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Cocaine Users

CONTEXT: Brazilian researchers have recently recognized a marked increase in the number of people using abusable drugs and the consequences of this habit. It has become a major public health problem in a potentially productive segment of the general population. In the last few years, several medical articles have given special emphasis to pulmonary complications related to cocaine use. This review is based on this information and experience acquired with groups of cocaine users. OBJECTIVE: To present to physicians the pulmonary aspects of cocaine use and warn about the various effects this drug has on the respiratory system, stressing those related to long-term use. DESIGN: Narrative review. METHOD: Pulmonary complications are described. These may include infections (Staphylococcus aureus, pulmonary tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/aids, etc.), aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, septic embolism, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, barotrauma, pulmonary granulomatosis, bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia, pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis, pneumonitis hypersensitivity, lung infiltrates and eosinophilia in individuals with bronchial hyperreactivity, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, vasculitis, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension and alterations in gas exchange. It is concluded that physicians should give special attention to the various pulmonary and clinical manifestations related to cocaine use, particularly in young patients.

scholarly journals In-air microparticle induced X-ray emission analysis of particles in interstitial pneumonia lung tissue obtained by transbronchial biopsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Shimizu ◽  
Shinichi Matsuzaki ◽  
Takahiro Satoh ◽  
Masashi Koka ◽  
Akihito Yokoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Transbronchial Biopsy ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Microfocus X-ray Tubes

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
V. B. Bessonov
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nondestructive Testing ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Lanthanum Hexaboride ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Original Design ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cathode Assembly ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Key Features

Introduction. X-ray inspection plays a unique role among all nondestructive testing methods for products and materials due to sufficiently high resolution and high penetrability. The present study is designed to consider the key features of microfocus X-ray sources, their areas of application, and main technical characteristics.Aim. The paper aims to systematize information and review modern X-ray radiation sources for the implementation of microfocus radiography.Materials and methods. The main designs of microfocus X-ray tubes (soldered and demountable) were considered relying on the experience of the St Petersburg State Electrotechnical University in developing and operating such equipment, as well as the experience and open-access publications of foreign researchers and developers. Data collected by leading research teams over the last ten years were analyzed.Results. The paper presents design features for each main type of microfocus X-ray tubes – soldered and demountable. All key structural elements are considered: an anode assembly, a cathode assembly, and a focusing system. The influence of anode target material on the X-ray tube radiation spectrum is shown. An original design of a liquid-anode microfocus X-ray tube is described to demonstrate its key features and advantages. In addition, the paper gives an overview of cathodes used in microfocus X-ray tubes (tungsten cathode and lanthanum hexaboride cathode), as well as providing a detailed description of calculations performed for focusing systems. Finally, the designs of modern X-ray tubes are presented.Conclusion. Modern X-ray tubes are high-tech products that allow for high-resolution research of various objects. The main advantage of testing performed with the use of X-ray tubes consists in high resolution (micron and submicron). The X-ray images of test objects used to determine their spatial resolution are given, which clearly illustrate the vast possibilities of this technology. In addition, ways to improve microfocus X-ray tubes are briefly discussed. The considered materials can be useful in selecting a nondestructive testing tool, as well as in developing and creating X-ray systems on the basis of microfocus X-ray tubes.

scholarly journals Modern approach to diagnosis and treatment of seizures in newborns and early age children

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-75
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Martyniuk ◽  
◽  
T.K. Znamenska ◽  
V.B. Shveikina ◽  
V.A. Galagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Epileptic Syndromes

The article is devoted to the topical problem of neonatology and pediatric neurology — the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in newborns and young children. The work presents an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of epileptic seizures in children. It is indicated that the therapeutic effect of most antiepileptic drugs consists of modulation of voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels of membranes of neurons of the cerebral cortex, enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission or inhibition of activating synaptic transmission. The issues of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs are considered, taking into account the age characteristics of the child's body, in particular, newborns and early age children. The problems of drug interaction were discussed. The properties of individual antiepileptic drugs, which are used in newborns and young children, are considered. Emphasized are «polar» differences in the work of phenobarbital, which depend on the stage of epileptogenesis, namely: suppression of epileptiform activity at the early stage of epileptogenesis and its enhancement in the already formed epileptic focus (epileptic system). The literature data on the differentiated treatment of certain epileptic syndromes are presented. The issues on the prospects for the treatment of genetically determined diseases, which are accompanied by seizures associated with metabolic disorders, are considered. The modern high-tech methods of treatment of these diseases are noted. The role of diet therapy, co-factor therapy in the treatment of hereditary metabolic disorders, in particular, the ketogenic diet as a method of alternative treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in children, is shown. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: newborn, epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, treatment, antiepileptic drugs, review.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Korduban ◽  
Volodymyr Ogenko ◽  
Taras Kryshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Organometallic Compounds ◽  
Modern Method ◽  
High Tech ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is devoted to the development problems of the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) method in Ukraine. XPS is a modern method for studying the electronic structure of atoms. The XPS method is used at all stages of the synthesis and study of materials, the functional properties of which are determined by the state of the surface or interphase boundaries, charge states of atoms and the type of functional groups, and material degradation processes. The objects of study are catalysts, coatings, chemical sensors, sorbents, coordination and organometallic compounds (chemistry, materials science, phar­maceuticals), surface condition and composition (microelectronics), thin films (optics), alloys (aviation and space industry), nanopowders, nanofilms (nanotechnology). The method is relevant for the implementation of targeted synthesis of materials. In the world, the XPS method is widespread and integrated into innovative branches of science and technology, and XPS - instrumentation - is a high-tech business. In Ukraine, the method is practically not presented, there is no competition in this field of instrumentation. The article proposes the creation on the basis of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine a park of unitary, high-quality and affordable domestic XPS-spectrometers and the opening of a service center. The XPS method is necessary for most of the institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from the departments of chemistry, physics and astronomy, physical and technical problems of materials science, earth sciences and all specialized faculties of state universities. In general, for Ukraine, this is at least 50 spectrometers. The mechanism for the implementation of the project can be the formation of a state order for the development and manufacture of a batch of XPS spectrometers on the basis of imported and domestic components (50:50) and attracting business to the project. Creation of a network of Domestic XPS-spectrometers allows to obtain a sharp increase in the efficiency of scientific research in chemistry, physics, materials science and is one of the conditions for Ukraine’s transition to an innovative economy.

scholarly journals Morphological and structural variants of cellular and stromal interaction in a focus of destruction in acute lung abscess and lung gangrene in term of formation and stabilisation of fibrin-associated processes

2008 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Ya. N. Shoikhet ◽  
A. V. Lepilov ◽  
Yu. G. Motin ◽  
A. P. Bochkarev
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Cell Reaction ◽  
Acute Lung Inflammation ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
Bilateral Lung ◽  
Tissue Specimens

Purulent and destructive lung diseases are often complicated by loss of anatomic structure of lung tissue, development of lung cirrhosis with subsequent respiratory and heart failure. We performed pathomorphological examination of operational and post mortem lung tissue specimens from 116 inpatients of 25 to 78 years of age with acute lung abscess or lung gangrene who was treated at a pulmonology center from 1999 to 2005. Acute lung inflammation tending to suppuration was characterized by pronounced cell reaction with no "fibrin blockage" and resulted in extended histolysis and abscess formation. "Young" fibrin was often found. Microvessels were fully passable, full-blooded with no fibrin into lumen. At subacute stage, fibrin was "maturing" with subsequent organization and growth of granulated tissue. Clinically, there were sequestered lung abscesses. Massive deposits of "young" and "maturing" fibrin formed "fibrin cocoon" with macrophages and neutrophils bricked up inside. Cell reaction was weak. There were swelling and desquamation of endothelium of microvessels, massive fibrin deposits into vessel lumen and prominent perivascular impregnation with fibrin. This pathological variant could lead to formation of abscess or pulmonary fibrosis with carnification. In cases of massive subtotal or total, often bilateral lung injury with weak delimiting of purulent and destructive process massive destructive zones with resting lung parenchyma faintly impregnated with fibrin were seen. There were no features of fibrin deposition inside microvessels. Functional activity of neutrophils and macrophages was greatly decreased. Therefore, the most favourable pathohistological variant appears to be formation of fibrin blockage consisted of "young" fibrin deposits; prominent cell reaction and absence of microcirculatory block. Structural changes of cells and stroma should be considered during pathological examination in order to provide optimal treatment strategy.

scholarly journals Drowning in the elderly in Paraíba-Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Angela Amorim De Araújo ◽  
Arthur Tibério De Lacerda Vieira ◽  
Ivanilda Lacerda Pedrosa ◽  
Márcia Virgínia Di Lorenzo Florêncio ◽  
Pablo Raphael Oliveira Honorato Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Local Description ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Domestic Environments

Drowning is a global problem, and is among the main causes of death in the world, and the elderly are part of this new reality as a special group who also suffer submersion accidents. The aim of this study was to analyze deaths due to drowning in the elderly in the state of Paraíba from 2005 to 2015. This is a retrospective, descriptive study associated with spatial analysis of regions with a higher incidence of drowning in people aged 60 years or older in the state of Paraíba. Data were collected from the IML (Gemol and Numol) records from 2005 to 2015, totaling 80 cases of drowning. Sociodemographic characteristics such as age group, gender, spatiality and local description of the occurrence (rivers, dams, sea, waterfall, cacimbas, dams and domestic environments), care provider, file of the Legal Medical Institute of the Scientific Police, international code of diseases – ICD 10 (code W74), shift of occurrence. As results we located the region of Mari sector of the wild region of Paraíba – Açude Olho D’agua (Latitude 7.11º S and Longitude 35.2º ), was the place with the highest number of drownings, where dams/lakes (55%), male (91%), married (46%), aged between 60 and 69 years (60%), the local population made the first care (41%), 14h was of higher occurrence (11%), and on Sundays (29%). We can conclude that drowning occurs in several aquatic scenarios, and in this study occurred in fresh water, several factors were associated with drowning in the elderly, such as cognition deficits, polypharmaceuticals and physical limitations, such outcomes can help encourage protection policies for this group as well as family members guide in freshwater regions and accentuate care.

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