ECONOMIC VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY: FORMS, CONSEQUENCES, PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Tamara K. Rostovskaya ◽  
◽  
Natal’ya A. Bezverbnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Economic Deprivation ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

Research on gender-based violence focuses on levels of physical, sexualized, and psychological impact. This article is devoted to one of the most latent forms of violence — economic, faced by members of a multi-generational family: spouses, children, parents, grandparents. Attention is drawn to the fact that it is women who are more susceptible to various forms of economic deprivation. The authors noted that economic violence is: a restriction in access to financial resources; control over access to health care, employment, education; exclusion or complete exclusion from the financial decision-making process; discrimination in the procedure of inheritance, obtaining property rights, restriction or prohibition of the use of movable and immovable property. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the consequences of economic violence for different sectors of the economy. It is revealed that the consequence of economic violence and economic deprivation can be: the aggravation of poverty, the inability to obtain education, difficulties in socialization and realization of the individual in the professional sphere. The article also suggests indicators of economic violence. Economic violence creates a risk of physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation, and trafficking.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence Against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199792
Author(s):  
Kazhan I. Mahmood ◽  
Sherzad A. Shabu ◽  
Karwan M. M-Amen ◽  
Salar S. Hussain ◽  
Diana A. Kako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown’s social and economic consequences on gender-based violence. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence by comparing the prevalence of spousal violence against women before and during the COVID-19 related lockdown periods. This study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using a self-administered online questionnaire survey after the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020. Data were collected from a sample of 346 married women about the occurrence, frequency, and forms of spousal violence before and during the lockdown period. Significant increases in violence were observed from the pre-lockdown period to the lockdown period for any violence (32.1% to 38.7%, p = .001), emotional abuse (29.5% to 35.0%, p = .005), and physical violence (12.7% to 17.6%, p = .002). Regarding emotional abuse, humiliation (24.6% to 28.3%, p = .041) and scaring or intimidation (14.2% to 21.4%, p < .001) significantly increased during the lockdown. For physical violence, twisting the arm or pulling hair (9.0% to 13.0%, p = .004) and hitting (5.2% to 9.2%, p = .003) significantly increased during the lockdown. Forcing to have sexual intercourse also significantly increased during lockdown (6.6% to 9.5%., p = .021). The concerned authorities and women’s rights organizations should collaborate to enhance the prevention of violence against women. An effective prevention strategy should emphasize recognizing and acknowledging the extent of the problem, raising awareness about the problem and the available resources to address it, and ensuring social and economic stability. Lessons learned about the increased prevalence of spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to adopt appropriate strategies to prevent and address it will be valuable for similar future crises.

scholarly journals THE SOLVING OF PREVENTION AND OPPOSITION PROBLEM OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL WORK

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Olha Hurenko ◽  
Nataliia Matseiko
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Egalitarian Attitudes

The concept of «gender-based violence» essence, which recognized as an extreme manifestation of the individual rights and freedoms violation and as reproduction mechanism of society gender system, which based on uneven powerful relationships between women and men in the society and characterized by the egalitarian attitudes absence has been revealed in the article. Manifestation features of the phenomena and their varieties have been outlined. The fundamental difference between the concepts «gender-based violence», «domestic violence» has been defined. The Ukraine state social politics of gender-based violence prevention and opposition based on international and national legal framework has been analyzed. The current information about trends of this negative phenomenon spread within the country, including considering the consequences of the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine has been listed.  Problems and prospects of the struggle with gender-based violence in Ukraine in the context of social work have been defined. And priority among which are improvement of reaction measures at the stages of violence facts detection and further support to the victim or the offender; setting-up systematic correctional work with perpetrators of violence or with perpetrators belonging to a risk group for its commission, the interdepartmental interaction of subjects of prevention and opposition this phenomenon; activating the system of preventive influences to the younger generation's consciousness and society in general to the direction of tolerance, mutual respect, opposit to gender role attitudes and stereotypes.

“The Perfect Storm”: The Rise of Gender-Based Violence in the Age of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janvi Huria ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women Experiences ◽  
Crimes Against Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women ◽  
Perfect Storm

One in three women experiences sexual or physical violence at some point in their life (“A Staggering One-in-Three Women”, 2019). In the last 12 months alone, 243 million girls between the ages of 15 and 49 were subjected to sexual or physical violence by an intimate partner (“Violence against Women”, n.d.). During the COVID-19 pandemic, sudden shifts in routine have made this situation a “ticking time bomb” for the exponential growth in rates of crimes against women (Campbell, 2020).

Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women of Color in Their Dating and Romantic Relationships: Implications for Gender-based Violence Prevention Programs

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052097618
Author(s):  
Kristi E. Gamarel ◽  
Laura Jadwin-Cakmak ◽  
Wesley M. King ◽  
Ashley Lacombe-Duncan ◽  
Racquelle Trammell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based

Although transgender women of color, specifically Black and Latina experience gender-based violence in a variety of contexts, one of the most consistently reported is from a dating or romantic partner. This qualitative study sought to understand the manifestations and consequences of stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating or romantic relationships. Between January and February 2019, we purposively recruited 33 transgender women of color to participate in five focus group discussions and complete a brief survey. We employed both inductive and deductive approaches to coding and thematic analysis. We identified different forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma experienced by transgender women of color seeking romantic relationships and by those in romantic relationships. For those dating and seeking relationships, anti-transgender interpersonal stigma took the form of dehumanizing stereotypes and sexual objectification. While these manifestations of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma persisted for some within relationships, concealment behaviors from partners was the predominant type of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma. Each of these forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma had significant gender-based violence consequences, specifically encountering physical violence, experiencing psychological trauma, and engaging in survival strategies. In the current climate of COVID-19, which is exacerbating risks of gender-based violence, there is an urgent need to understand and address the nuanced manifestations of stigma in relationships and their consequences on the lives of transgender women of color. Culturally grounded gender-based violence prevention policies and programs with transgender women should address these forms of stigma and build on community strengths. Findings also highlight the importance of future research and gender-based violence prevention programming with cisgender men in/seeking partnerships with transgender women of color.

scholarly journals Lifetime prevalence, correlates and health consequences of gender-based violence victimisation and perpetration among men and women in Somalia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L Wirtz ◽  
Nancy A Perrin ◽  
Amelie Desgroppes ◽  
Verena Phipps ◽  
Ali A Abdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Humanitarian Emergencies ◽  
Sexual Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Gender Based

BackgroundHumanitarian emergencies increase the risk of gender-based violence (GBV). We estimated the prevalence of GBV victimisation and perpetration among women and men in urban settings across Somalia, which has faced decades of war and natural disasters that have resulted in massive population displacements.MethodsA population-based survey was conducted in 14 urban areas across Somalia between December 2014 and November 2015.ResultsA total of 2376 women and 2257 men participated in the survey. One in five men (22.2%, 95% CI 20.5 to 23.9) and one in seven (15.5%; 95% CI 14.1 to 17.0) women reported physical or sexual violence victimisation during childhood. Among women, 35.6% (95% CI 33.4 to 37.9) reported adult lifetime experiences of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and 16.5% (95% CI 15.1 to 18.1) reported adult lifetime experience of physical or sexual non-partner violence (NPV). Almost one-third of men (31.2%; 95% CI 29.4 to 33.1) reported victimisation as an adult, the majority of which was physical violence. Twenty-two per cent (21.7%; 95% CI 19.5 to 24.1) of men reported lifetime sexual or physical IPV perpetration and 8.1% (95% CI 7.1 to 9.3) reported lifetime sexual or physical NPV perpetration. Minority clan membership, displacement, exposure to parental violence and violence during childhood were common correlates of IPV and NPV victimisation and perpetration among women and men. Victimisation and perpetration were also strongly associated with recent depression and experiences of miscarriage or stillbirth.ConclusionGBV is prevalent and spans all regions of Somalia. Programmes that support nurturing environments for children and provide health and psychosocial support for women and men are critical to prevent and respond to GBV.

scholarly journals Gender-Based Violence and Armed Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Mootz ◽  
Sally D. Stabb ◽  
Debra Mollen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Gender Based

The high prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) in armed conflict has been documented in various national contexts, but less is known about the complex pathways that constitute the relation between the two. Employing a community-based collaborative approach, we constructed a community-informed socioecological conceptual model from a feminist perspective, detailing how armed conflict relates to GBV in a conflict-affected rural community in Northeastern Uganda. The research questions were as follows: (1) How does the community conceptualize GBV? and (2) How does armed conflict relate to GBV? Nine focus group discussions divided by gender, age, and profession and six key informant interviews were conducted. Participants’ ages ranged from 9 to 80 years ( n = 34 girls/women, n = 43 boys/men). Grounded theory was used in analysis. Participants conceptualized eight forms of and 22 interactive variables that contributed to GBV. Armed conflict affected physical violence/quarreling, sexual violence, early marriage, and land grabbing via a direct pathway and four indirect pathways initiated through looting of resources, militarization of the community, death of a parent(s) or husband, and sexual violence. The findings suggest that community, organizational, and policy-level interventions, which include attention to intersecting vulnerabilities for exposure to GBV in conflict-affected settings, should be prioritized. While tertiary psychological interventions with women and girls affected by GBV in these areas should not be eliminated, we suggest that policy makers and members of community and organizational efforts make systemic and structural changes. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ 's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

scholarly journals Workplace violence and health in human service industries: a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-106450
Author(s):  
Anna Nyberg ◽  
Göran Kecklund ◽  
Linda Magnusson Hanson ◽  
Kristiina Rajaleid
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Human Service ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Gender Based

ObjectivesTo provide systematically evaluated evidence of prospective associations between exposure to physical, psychological and gender-based violence and health among healthcare, social care and education workers.MethodsThe guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for population: human service workers; exposure: workplace violence; and study type: prospective or longitudinal in articles published 1990–August 2019. Quality assessment was performed based on a modified version of the Cochrane’s ‘Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies’.ResultsAfter deduplication, 3566 studies remained, of which 132 articles were selected for full-text screening and 28 were included in the systematic review. A majority of the studies focused on healthcare personnel, were from the Nordic countries and were assessed to have medium quality. Nine of 11 associations between physical violence and poor mental health were statistically significant, and 3 of 4 associations between physical violence and sickness absence. Ten of 13 associations between psychological violence and poor mental health were statistically significant and 6 of 6 associations between psychological violence and sickness absence. The only study on gender-based violence and health reported a statistically non-significant association.ConclusionThere is consistent evidence mainly in medium quality studies of prospective associations between psychological violence and poor mental health and sickness absence, and between physical violence and poor mental health in human service workers. More research using objective outcomes, improved exposure assessment and that focus on gender-based violence is needed.

Prosecuting the Nexus between Terrorism, Conflict-related Sexual Violence and Trafficking in Human Beings before National Legal Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-516
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie de Brouwer ◽  
Eefje de Volder ◽  
Christophe Paulussen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 2331 (2016) recognizes that ‘acts of sexual and gender-based violence, including when associated to trafficking in persons, are known to be part of the strategic objectives and ideology of certain terrorist groups, used as a tactic of terrorism and an instrument to increase their finances and their power through recruitment and the destruction of communities’. In the same resolution, the Council noted that such trafficking, particularly of women and girls, ‘remains a critical component of the financial flows to certain terrorist groups’ and is ‘used by these groups as a driver for recruitment’. Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab are among the main terrorist groups that have used human trafficking (including for sexual exploitation) and conflict-related sexual violence as tactics of terrorism, or ‘sexual terrorism’. This article will: (i) explain the nexus between these three crimes; (ii) focus on its different manifestations in the context of these terrorist organizations; and (iii) reflect on the possibilities for national criminal prosecution. To assist in the fight against impunity and increase accountability, this article provides suggestions to facilitate the successful prosecution of sexual terrorism in a more survivor-centric way.

Peacekeeping and the Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls in Post-Conflict Societies: A Serious Enigma to Establishing the Rule of Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 184-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Morris
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Gender Based

The article discusses the exploitation of women and girls by peacekeepers and its effect on efforts to establish the rule of law in a post-conflict situation. It provides a situational analysis of the problem, examining the issue from rights-based, stabilization, and organized crime perspectives. It considers the rule of law mandate of modern peace-building operations, including the ability of peacekeepers to help combat trafficking and the sexual exploitation of women and girls. It proposes a solution to tackling gender-based violence, trafficking and exploitation in the establishment of the rule of law through accountability and domestic capacity-building. The work of committed peace-builders is critical to achieving this goal.

Engaging Men and Boys in Preventing Gender-based Violence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Tolman ◽  
Tova B. Walsh ◽  
Bethsaida Nieves
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Online Programs ◽  
Engaging Men ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

This chapter focuses on efforts to engage men and boys in preventing gender-based violence (GBV). We examine violence prevention efforts at the individual, family, community, and global levels. We highlight a range of innovative approaches from around the world, including restorative justice practices, online programs, culturally focused counseling, working with fathers and their children to recognize and prevent intergenerational violence, enhancing men’s capacity to support their pregnant partners, and involving men as allies in the effort to prevent violence against women.

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