scholarly journals The management and financial implications of variable responses to grapevine leafroll disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
VA Bell ◽  
Philip Lester ◽  
G Pietersen ◽  
AJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Vector Density ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Leafroll Disease

© 2021, Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.). Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a worldwide pathogen of Vitis negatively affecting wine production. In red berry cultivars grown in New Zealand, the foliar changes to GLRaV-3-infected vines inform decisions on vine removal (roguing). However, roguing does not always contain GLRaV-3 spread in the presence of an insect vector like the mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. Virus incidence and mealybug abundance data collected annually over 7 years were modelled under differing scenarios to ascertain support for roguing. In a simulated 1 ha vineyard planted in 2500 mature Merlot vines, simulations over 20 years evaluated the effectiveness of roguing, ‘rogue 1 + 2’ (concurrent roguing of symptomatic plus both within-row neighbouring vines), inefficient roguing (50% of symptomatic vines rogued), and ‘no-action’. The model used variable initial GLRaV-3 incidence (0.4, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), and low, median and high vector densities (6, 26 and 75 mealybugs per 100 vine leaves, respectively). Roguing was the optimal response to GLRaV-3, independent of the initial incidence, but results were vector density dependent. At a low vector density, roguing relative to the other responses tested, sustained the lowest annual GLRaV-3 incidence, the least need to plant replacement vines and the lowest estimated average annual costs plus loss of income. At median and high vector densities, roguing remained the most favourable response but virus control was less effective and the costs incurred were higher. Thus, for vineyards affected by GLRaV-3, achieving economic sustainability relies on integrating efficient roguing with effective vector management.

scholarly journals The management and financial implications of variable responses to grapevine leafroll disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
VA Bell ◽  
Philip Lester ◽  
G Pietersen ◽  
AJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Vector Density ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Leafroll Disease

© 2021, Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.). Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a worldwide pathogen of Vitis negatively affecting wine production. In red berry cultivars grown in New Zealand, the foliar changes to GLRaV-3-infected vines inform decisions on vine removal (roguing). However, roguing does not always contain GLRaV-3 spread in the presence of an insect vector like the mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. Virus incidence and mealybug abundance data collected annually over 7 years were modelled under differing scenarios to ascertain support for roguing. In a simulated 1 ha vineyard planted in 2500 mature Merlot vines, simulations over 20 years evaluated the effectiveness of roguing, ‘rogue 1 + 2’ (concurrent roguing of symptomatic plus both within-row neighbouring vines), inefficient roguing (50% of symptomatic vines rogued), and ‘no-action’. The model used variable initial GLRaV-3 incidence (0.4, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), and low, median and high vector densities (6, 26 and 75 mealybugs per 100 vine leaves, respectively). Roguing was the optimal response to GLRaV-3, independent of the initial incidence, but results were vector density dependent. At a low vector density, roguing relative to the other responses tested, sustained the lowest annual GLRaV-3 incidence, the least need to plant replacement vines and the lowest estimated average annual costs plus loss of income. At median and high vector densities, roguing remained the most favourable response but virus control was less effective and the costs incurred were higher. Thus, for vineyards affected by GLRaV-3, achieving economic sustainability relies on integrating efficient roguing with effective vector management.

Some notes on the relationship of plant viruses with vector and non-vector insects

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Extracts of caterpillars and other insects are shown to inhibit the infective power of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis viruses. The inhibitor is not sedimented after spinning for 2½ hr. at 30,000 r.p.m. Experiments with non-vector insects such as caterpillars have shown that the virus of sugar-beet curly-top, of tobacco ringspot and other viruses, are destroyed within the body of the insect. On the other hand, tobacco mosaic virus passes through the body of the caterpillar unchanged though greatly reduced in concentration. By the use of the specific insect vector and artificial feeding methods it was possible to recover the virus of curly-top 24 hr. after it had been injected into the blood of the caterpillar but the viruses of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis could not be so recovered. Experimental evidence is given to show that the virus of beet curly-top is present in the saliva of viruliferous insects.

Collision Avoidance Response Stereotypes in Pilots and Nonpilots

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Avoidance Responses

A two-part study was conducted to investigate the effects of target variables upon pilot and nonpilot collision avoidance responses to simulated approaches which were head-on or nearly so. Part I investigated the effect of bearing and found that nonpilots preferred to turn left in a head-on approach. Although pilots generally turned right under the same conditions, 25% exhibited the nonpilot left-turn response. The nonpilot response bias seemed related to the type of control used for aircraft pilotage. Part II examined the effects of bearing and collision index (a geometric construct representing an index for optimal response selection) upon the responses of 24 pilots. Two subgroups were identified, one apparently attending primarily to bearing while the other attended to aspect. Only one subject appeared to use the optimal collision-index construct for response selection.

World Management of Geminiviruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 637-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria R. Rojas ◽  
Monica A. Macedo ◽  
Minor R. Maliano ◽  
Maria Soto-Aguilar ◽  
Juliana O. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Management Application ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Agriculture Management ◽  
Open Fields

Management of geminiviruses is a worldwide challenge because of the widespread distribution of economically important diseases caused by these viruses. Regardless of the type of agriculture, management is most effective with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that involves measures before, during, and after the growing season. This includes starting with resistant cultivars and virus- and vector-free transplants and propagative plants. For high value vegetables, protected culture (e.g., greenhouses and screenhouses) allows for effective management but is limited owing to high cost. Protection of young plants in open fields is provided by row covers, but other measures are typically required. Measures that are used for crops in open fields include roguing infected plants and insect vector management. Application of insecticide to manage vectors (whiteflies and leafhoppers) is the most widely used measure but can cause undesirable environmental and human health issues. For annual crops, these measures can be more effective when combined with host-free periods of two to three months. Finally, given the great diversity of the viruses, their insect vectors, and the crops affected, IPM approaches need to be based on the biology and ecology of the virus and vector and the crop production system. Here, we present the general measures that can be used in an IPM program for geminivirus diseases, specific case studies, and future challenges.

scholarly journals Brand as an innovation—The case of Czech wine

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Jan Zavodny Pospisil
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wine Market ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The Czech Republic is not a typical wine-growing country, yet winemaking and viticulture are among the oldest Czech crafts. Although the situation is slightly improving today, domestic wine production is not very preferred by Czech consumers since more than two-thirds of the wine that Czechs drink each year is imported. In the long term, the worst situation prevailed with the sales of a young wine. The cause was twofold: On the one hand, the market was already penetrated by imported Beaujolais nouveau, which became a synonym for the young wine. On the other, a peculiar Czechs’ taste for young wine was also an obstacle. As a young wine, many Czechs drink partially fermented must from grapevine fruits called “Burčák”. The young wine market was therefore seemingly penetrated with a low possibility of new brands entering it. The proposed case study will describe an ongoing campaign in which a new brand, “Svatomartinské víno”, was created. With this brand, it was possible to change the Czech consumers’ view of immature wines fundamentally. Thanks to the innovative branding approach, the product, which Czech consumers had neglected for many years, became a superior and must-have product for broad consumers. Also, the relationship between the brand and consumers has been established. The new brand has become a potential for many other related events. Last but not least, the consumption of domestic wine increased, which led to the support of local wineries and related regions.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING BOX WING AIRCRAFT: ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Aviation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Alexander SOMERVILLE ◽  
Matthew MARINO ◽  
Glenn BAXTER ◽  
Graham WILD
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
The Face ◽  
Aircraft Configurations

This paper presents an introduction to box wing aircraft technology, and an overview of current research efforts in this important area. Box wing technology offers a means of significantly reducing aircraft fuel consumption and hence improving economic sustainability. The result of this reduced fuel burn is a reduction in aircraft emissions, which will improve the environmental sustainability of the global aviation industry. This is important, because the industry has set an ambitious goal of reducing the current carbon emissions by 50% before 2050, in the face of continued exponential growth in demand. The motivation of this work is to ensure that sufficient education is provided at all levels of the aviation industry, to keep people informed, and to help them make decisions. That is, there is confusion about the fundamental principles involved in the aerodynamic improvements associated with these innovative aircraft configurations. As such, this work presents box wing technology in the context of the fundamental operational aerodynamics associated with their implementation, giving an understanding of the performance benefits associated with them, in addition to the other practical benefits associated with box wing configurations.

scholarly journals Discussion: Economic Sustainability of Rural Areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-455
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Constance
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
Shed Light

The three articles in this invited paper session examine value-added strategies related to agriculture and food at the state and federal level designed to enhance rural development. Two of the papers dealt with the GO TEXAN program and the other with organic agriculture. All three papers were well written and interesting, but all three also shed light on the problem of using classical economic theory to interpret differentiated agriculture and food products as opposed to undifferentiated commodities.

scholarly journals A review of the ecology of grapevine leafroll associated virus type 3 (GLRaV3)

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Charles ◽  
D. Cohen ◽  
J.T.S. Walker ◽  
S.A. Forgie ◽  
V.A. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leafroll Disease ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Over Time

Grapevine leafroll disease in New Zealand is predominantly caused by the ampelovirus GLRaV3 which is vectored between vines by up to three species of mealybugs (Pseudococcus spp) However global understanding of the transmission and spread of GLRaV3 remains limited and does not definitively show how to successfully manage the disease in New Zealand The disease is a manifestation of a complex relationship between the virus vine and vectors each component of which is interdependent on the other two The review suggests that a full understanding of the disease will require research and operational input from plant virologists entomologists vine physiologists pest controllers vineyard managers grapevine breeders/improvers and winemakers Such a wide range of expertise should ensure that the factors behind the spread of the disease over time (its epidemiology) are accurately determined and that effective management solutions are delivered over the course of decades

scholarly journals Yield and Berry Composition of Cold-climate Grape Cultivars and Advanced Selections in Iowa Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
James A. Schrader ◽  
Diana R. Cochran ◽  
Paul A. Domoto ◽  
Gail R. Nonnecke
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Berry Composition ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Increasing interest in grape (Vitis sp.) and wine production in the upper midwest region of the United States has created a need for science-based information that characterizes the potential of cold-climate cultivars to produce quality grapes with acceptable yields. We evaluated the yield and quality (composition) of grapes from 12 cold-climate, interspecific-hybrid grape cultivars (northern hybrids) grown in a randomized and replicated field plot in central Iowa. The grape trial was planted in 2008, and crop performance of cultivars was evaluated from 2012 through 2017 (yield) and 2014 through 2017 (berry composition). The trial included two established cultivars, five newer cultivars, and five advanced selections. The established cultivars included in the study as controls were Frontenac and St. Croix. The newer cultivars evaluated in this study were Arandell, Corot Noir, La Crescent, Marquette, and Petit Ami, and the advanced selections were MN 1189, MN 1200, MN 1220, MN 1235, and MN 1258. Yield and productivity were characterized by measuring yield per vine, number of clusters per vine, average cluster weight, and pruning weight. The fruit composition indices were soluble solids concentration (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), and sugar:acid ratio (SSC ÷ TA). On the basis of their strong results for both yield and fruit composition measures, ‘Marquette’, MN 1235, and MN 1220 ranked as the top-performing cultivars in Iowa’s climate, followed by Petit Ami and St. Croix. ‘Petit Ami’ had slightly lower yield consistency and slightly lower results for SSC than did the top performing cultivars, and St. Croix had among the highest and most consistent yields of the trial but showed lower results for SSC and sugar:acid ratio than many of the other cultivars. ‘La Crescent’ had midrange yields and high SSC, but the high TA of ‘La Crescent’ fruit resulted in a low sugar:acid ratio at harvest. Two cultivars (MN 1258 and MN 1200) had relatively low yields in Iowa’s climate but achieved good results for composition indices. ‘Frontenac’ had high, consistent yields and achieved high SSC, but the very high TA of ‘Frontenac’ fruit resulted in a very low sugar:acid ratio compared with most other cultivars. The remaining three cultivars (Corot Noir, MN 1189, and Arandell) performed poorly in Iowa’s climate, showing both low yield and undesirable fruit composition indices compared with the other cultivars in the trial. An itemized summary of the relative ratings for yield and fruit composition is provided to aid growers in selection and management of grape cultivars for use in Iowa and other areas of similar climate.

scholarly journals Eco-bio-social research on community-based approaches for Chagas disease vector control in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo E. Gürtler ◽  
Zaida E. Yadon
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Integrated Vector Management ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Intersectoral Cooperation ◽  
Vector Management

Abstract This article provides an overview of three research projects which designed and implemented innovative interventions for Chagas disease vector control in Bolivia, Guatemala and Mexico. The research initiative was based on sound principles of community-based ecosystem management (ecohealth), integrated vector management, and interdisciplinary analysis. The initial situational analysis achieved a better understanding of ecological, biological and social determinants of domestic infestation. The key factors identified included: housing quality; type of peridomestic habitats; presence and abundance of domestic dogs, chickens and synanthropic rodents; proximity to public lights; location in the periphery of the village. In Bolivia, plastering of mud walls with appropriate local materials and regular cleaning of beds and of clothes next to the walls, substantially decreased domestic infestation and abundance of the insect vector Triatoma infestans. The Guatemalan project revealed close links between house infestation by rodents and Triatoma dimidiata, and vector infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. A novel community-operated rodent control program significantly reduced rodent infestation and bug infection. In Mexico, large-scale implementation of window screens translated into promising reductions in domestic infestation. A multi-pronged approach including community mobilisation and empowerment, intersectoral cooperation and adhesion to integrated vector management principles may be the key to sustainable vector and disease control in the affected regions.

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