scholarly journals Orientation Averaging of Optical Chirality Near Nanoparticles and Aggregates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Fazel-Najafabadi ◽  
S Schuster ◽  
Baptiste Auguié
Keyword(s):  
Incident Light ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Scattering Problems ◽  
Local Degree ◽  
Optical Chirality ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Fine Control ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many

Artificial nanostructures enable fine control of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale, a possibility that has recently been extended to the interaction between polarised light and chiral matter. The theoretical description of such interactions, and its application to the design of optimised structures for chiroptical spectroscopies, brings new challenges to the common set of tools used in nano-optics. In particular, chiroptical effects often depend crucially on the relative orientation of the scatterer and the incident light, but many experiments are performed with randomly-oriented scatterers, dispersed in a solution. We derive new expressions for the orientation-averaged local degree of optical chirality of the electromagnetic field in the presence of a nanoparticle aggregate. This is achieved using the superposition T -matrix framework, ideally suited for the derivation of efficient orientation-averaging formulas in light scattering problems. Our results are applied to a few model examples, and illustrate several non-intuitive aspects in the distribution of orientation-averaged degree of chirality around nanostructures. The results will be of significant interest for the study of nanoparticle assemblies designed to enhance chiroptical spectroscopies, and where the numerically-efficient computation of the averaged degree of optical chirality enables a more comprehensive exploration of the many possible nanostructures.

scholarly journals Orientation Averaging of Optical Chirality Near Nanoparticles and Aggregates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Fazel-Najafabadi ◽  
S Schuster ◽  
Baptiste Auguié
Keyword(s):  
Incident Light ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Scattering Problems ◽  
Local Degree ◽  
Optical Chirality ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Fine Control ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many

Artificial nanostructures enable fine control of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale, a possibility that has recently been extended to the interaction between polarised light and chiral matter. The theoretical description of such interactions, and its application to the design of optimised structures for chiroptical spectroscopies, brings new challenges to the common set of tools used in nano-optics. In particular, chiroptical effects often depend crucially on the relative orientation of the scatterer and the incident light, but many experiments are performed with randomly-oriented scatterers, dispersed in a solution. We derive new expressions for the orientation-averaged local degree of optical chirality of the electromagnetic field in the presence of a nanoparticle aggregate. This is achieved using the superposition T -matrix framework, ideally suited for the derivation of efficient orientation-averaging formulas in light scattering problems. Our results are applied to a few model examples, and illustrate several non-intuitive aspects in the distribution of orientation-averaged degree of chirality around nanostructures. The results will be of significant interest for the study of nanoparticle assemblies designed to enhance chiroptical spectroscopies, and where the numerically-efficient computation of the averaged degree of optical chirality enables a more comprehensive exploration of the many possible nanostructures.

Common volume functions and diffraction line profiles of polyhedral domains

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1162-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Leonardi ◽  
Matteo Leoni ◽  
Stefano Siboni ◽  
Paolo Scardi
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Numerical Algorithm ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Fast Computation ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Cubic Materials ◽  
Equilibrium Shapes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Volume Functions

A general numerical algorithm is proposed for the fast computation of the common volume function (CVF) of any polyhedral object, from which the diffraction pattern of a corresponding powder can be obtained. The theoretical description of the algorithm is supported by examples ranging from simple equilibrium shapes in cubic materials (Wulff polyhedra) to more exotic non-convex shapes, such as tripods or hollow cubes. Excellent agreement is shown between patterns simulated using the CVF and the corresponding ones calculated from the atomic positionsviathe Debye scattering equation.

Heart failure in an elderly population

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
DN Carmichael ◽  
Michael Lye
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Many ◽  
Neuroendocrine Activation ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Heart failure has been defined in many ways and definitions change over time. The multiplicity of definitions reflect the paucity of our understanding of the primary underlying physiology of heart failure and the many diseases for which heart failure is the common end-point. Fundamentally, heart failure represents a failure of the heart to meet the body’s requirement for blood supply for whatever reason. It is thus a clinical syndrome with characteristic features – not a single disease in its own right. The syndrome includes symptoms and signs of organ underperfusion, fluid retention and neuroendocrine activation. The syndrome arises from a range of possible causes of which ischaemic heart disease is the commonest. From the point of view of a clinician, the underlying pathology will determine treatment options and prognosis. The extensive range of possible aetiologies present a diagnostic challenge both to correctly identify the syndrome amongst all other causes of dyspnoea and to identify the aetiology, allowing optimization of treatment.

Marriage and Sexual Relations in the New Testament World

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Loader
Keyword(s):  
Roman Society ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Social ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
Marital Sex ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Common Understanding

After a brief overview of the social context and role of marriage and sexuality in Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures, the chapter traces the impact of the Genesis creation narratives, positively and negatively, on how marriage and sexuality were seen both in the present and in depictions of hope for the future. Discussion of pre-marital sex, incest, intermarriage, polygyny, divorce, adultery, and passions follows. It then turns to Jesus’ reported response to divorce, arguing that the prohibition sayings should be read as assuming that sexual intercourse both effects permanent union and severs previous unions, thus making divorce after adultery mandatory, the common understanding and legal requirement in both Jewish and Greco-Roman society of the time. It concludes by noting both the positive appreciation of sex and marriage, grounded in belief that they are God’s creation, and the many dire warnings against sexual wrongdoing, including adulterous attitudes and uncontrolled passions.

Almensvellets affortryllelse - Neoliberale anfægtelser af det fælles bedste

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Government Failure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Society ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Many ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Modern Mass

This article revisits the origins of neoliberalism, arguing that it arose in the socialist calculation debates in the 1920s and 1930s. In these debates, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek contested socialist conceptions of the public interest, claiming that the market’s price mechanism was far better able to represent the many diffe-rent preferences that a modern mass society consists of. The market, they stressed, was far more efficient at coordinating the economy than state planners who would never be able to calculate or aggregate the necessary data on people’s preferences, which was required to direct markets. This contestation of the common good, the article argues, has been a mainstay throughout neoliberalism’s intellectual history, serving as the revolving point of post-war analyses of government failure.

The God Came to Me in a Dream: Epiphanies in Voluntary Associations as a Context for Paul's Vision of Christ

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-65
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Rollens
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Frequency Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Identity ◽  
The Many

AbstractMuch of the written evidence for Greco-Roman associations provides information about meeting frequency, group activities, venues for gathering, and membership requirements. At the same time, many inscriptions and papyri also contain short narratives that directly contribute to the common identity of the association. These narrative elements often take the form of a vision, a dream, or an oracle that a patron receives that encourages him or her to found the association or direct its practices in some way. I suggest in this article that many of Paul's audiences would have received his story about encountering the risen Christ as rather commonplace given the frequency of these similar claims among voluntary associations. In other words, the article explores how Paul's (mainly non-Judean) audiences would have slotted his claims into their cultural repertoire of ideas, especially if they considered his Christ group to be just like the many other associations with which they were already familiar. Association inscriptions offer an important collection of examples that can be analyzed alongside Paul's claim to have seen the risen Christ.

The Postcolonial Condition

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J.C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many

The phrase ‘the postcolonial condition’ is usually invoked with respect to the particular state, as well as the common circumstances, of the many colonies that were freed from colonial rule during the second half of the twentieth century and are now living on the legacy of colonialism. Postcolonial conditions all over the world remain very substantially the product of European rule, given the extent of the European empires. While the rest of the world gradually frees itself from its postcoloniality, as it earlier freed itself from the shackles of colonialism, it is the Europe from which colonialism came that remains caught within the postcolonial condition: for this reason, the idea of ‘the postcolonial’ has had most currency in Europe. One aspect of the European postcolonial condition was the refusal to recognise its overall historical inevitability even as the decolonisation process was taking place. This article discusses the postcolonial condition in Europe, along with cultural production as well as postcolonial theory and Islam.

scholarly journals The non-ideal theory of the Aharonov–Bohm effect

Synthese ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Electromagnetic Interaction ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Topological Interpretation ◽  
Singular Limits ◽  
Bohm Effect ◽  
The Common ◽  
Aharonov Bohm

Abstract Elay Shech and John Earman have recently argued that the common topological interpretation of the Aharonov–Bohm (AB) effect is unsatisfactory because it fails to justify idealizations that it presupposes. In particular, they argue that an adequate account of the AB effect must address the role of boundary conditions in certain ideal cases of the effect. In this paper I defend the topological interpretation against their criticisms. I consider three types of idealization that might arise in treatments of the effect. First, Shech takes the AB effect to involve an idealization in the form of a singular limit, analogous to the thermodynamic limit in statistical mechanics. But, I argue, the AB effect itself features no singular limits, so it doesn’t involve idealizations in this sense. Second, I argue that Shech and Earman’s emphasis on the role of boundary conditions in the AB effect is misplaced. The idealizations that are useful in connecting the theoretical description of the AB effect to experiment do interact with facts about boundary conditions, but none of these idealizations are presupposed by the topological interpretation of the effect. Indeed, the boundary conditions for which Shech and demands justification are incompatible with some instances of the AB effect, so the topological interpretation ought not justify them. Finally, I address the role of the non-relativistic approximation usually presumed in discussions of the AB effect. This approximation is essential if—as the topological interpretation supposes—the AB effect constrains and justifies a relativistic theory of the electromagnetic interaction. In this case the ends justify the means. So the topological view presupposes no unjustified idealizations.

Paint for the Many? Rereading William Sidney Mount's The Painter's Triumph

Prospects ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 155-184
Author(s):  
Elisabeth L. Roark
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
American Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Man ◽  
American Artists ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ordinary Folk

The Painter's Triumph, created by William Sidney Mount in 1838, has long been interpreted as an icon of the democratization of American art (Figure 1). Nearly every scholarly analysis of the painting frames it in the context of Mount's well-known charge to himself, “Paint pictures that will take with the public, in other words, never paint for the few, but for the many.” The farmer's enthusiastic involvement in the artist's work is viewed as emblematic of Mount's commitment to promoting the visual arts among ordinary folk. The painter's “triumph,” most assert, is his ability to reach the common man. This is certainly an appealing message and consistent with the desire to see mid-19th-century American artists as resolute democrats in tune with Jacksonian cultural reforms. Yet, Mount never called it The Painter's Triumph, referring to it only as “artist showing his work,” and there is no evidence that viewers in the late 1830s and early 1840s recognized a particularly democratic message. The current title first appeared in a catalogue in 1847, long after Mount sold the painting and two years after the death of Edward L. Carey, the man who commissioned it. Despite the 1847 title change, in his later autobiographical sketch Mount referred to the painting as “Artist showing his own work.”

Responsive materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 659-664
Author(s):  
Cameron Alexander ◽  
Iqbal Gill
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Ionization State ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Functional Behavior ◽  
Smart Surfaces ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Insight Into

Responsive materials cover a breadth of types and many application fields. The common feature in all cases is a nonlinear change in properties or behavior as a result of a stimulus. The material response can range from a simple change in conformation or ionization state, through to phase transitions, bulk aggregation, or complete dissolution. As a consequence, sensing and actuation are the most investigated functions of these materials. In this issue, we have chosen to focus on responsive materials as exemplified by externally switchable, environmentally activated, and reversibly or controllably triggered systems. The chemistries of these materials, their physical properties, functional behavior, and activity are all linked, so we have aimed to cover the many disciplines underlying responsive materials through articles featuring areas that already span disparate research topics. These areas include drug delivery, smart surfaces, and nanotube transducers. The responsive materials field is growing in excitement as well as activity, and we hope that readers will gain an insight into this fascinating branch of materials science through this MRS Bulletin issue.

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