scholarly journals Components of Negative Emotion and Emotion-Congruent Information Processing Biases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Carl John Beuke
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Information Processing Biases

<p>Negative emotion is often associated with emotion-congruent biases in information processing. However, rather than all negative emotion being associated with biases in all information processes, certain components of emotion appear to be associated with specific biases. This project examined two examples of specific associations. First, Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews (1988, 1997) have argued that anxiety is associated with biases on tasks involving priming, and depression is associated with biases on tasks involving elaboration. Second, most models of mood-congruent bias have given purely cognitive explanations; these models suggest that biases should be more closely associated with the cognitive symptoms than the somatic symptoms of depression (Horowitz, Nelson, & Person, 1997). Evidence is reviewed that suggests this may not be the case. These issues were examined in two experiments, each of which administered a broad range of tasks to a large sample of students. The experiments examined attention and judgement, and explicit, implicit, and autobiographical memory. It was hypothesised that Williams et al.'s (1988, 1997) predictions about the task-specific effects of anxiety and depression would be confirmed, and that the somatic symptoms of depression would have a greater influence on information processing biases than the cognitive symptoms. Emotion-congruent biases were not shown on every task, but on the tasks where biases were shown, the hypotheses were broadly confirmed. Strengths, limitations, and implications of the studies are discussed. Current cognitive and neuropsychological models of emotion are used to provide a possible explanation of the results.</p>

scholarly journals Components of Negative Emotion and Emotion-Congruent Information Processing Biases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Carl John Beuke
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Information Processing Biases

<p>Negative emotion is often associated with emotion-congruent biases in information processing. However, rather than all negative emotion being associated with biases in all information processes, certain components of emotion appear to be associated with specific biases. This project examined two examples of specific associations. First, Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews (1988, 1997) have argued that anxiety is associated with biases on tasks involving priming, and depression is associated with biases on tasks involving elaboration. Second, most models of mood-congruent bias have given purely cognitive explanations; these models suggest that biases should be more closely associated with the cognitive symptoms than the somatic symptoms of depression (Horowitz, Nelson, & Person, 1997). Evidence is reviewed that suggests this may not be the case. These issues were examined in two experiments, each of which administered a broad range of tasks to a large sample of students. The experiments examined attention and judgement, and explicit, implicit, and autobiographical memory. It was hypothesised that Williams et al.'s (1988, 1997) predictions about the task-specific effects of anxiety and depression would be confirmed, and that the somatic symptoms of depression would have a greater influence on information processing biases than the cognitive symptoms. Emotion-congruent biases were not shown on every task, but on the tasks where biases were shown, the hypotheses were broadly confirmed. Strengths, limitations, and implications of the studies are discussed. Current cognitive and neuropsychological models of emotion are used to provide a possible explanation of the results.</p>

scholarly journals Pawsitively sad: pet-owners are more sensitive to negative emotion in animal distress vocalizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 181555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Parsons ◽  
Richard T. LeBeau ◽  
Morten L. Kringelbach ◽  
Katherine S. Young
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Relationship Functioning ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Distress Vocalizations

Pets have numerous, effective methods to communicate with their human hosts. Perhaps most conspicuous of these are distress vocalizations: in cats, the ‘miaow’ and in dogs, the ‘whine’ or ‘whimper’. We compared a sample of young adults who owned cats and or dogs (‘pet-owners’ n = 264) and who did not ( n = 297) on their ratings of the valence of animal distress vocalizations, taken from a standardized database of sounds. We also examined these participants' self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, and their scores on a measure of interpersonal relationship functioning. Pet-owners rated the animal distress vocalizations as sadder than adults who did not own a pet. Cat-owners specifically gave the most negative ratings of cat miaows compared with other participants, but were no different in their ratings of other sounds. Dog sounds were rated more negatively overall, in fact as negatively as human baby cries. Pet-owning adults (cat only, dog only, both) were not significantly different from adults with no pets on symptoms of depression, anxiety or on self-reported interpersonal relationship functioning. We suggest that pet ownership is associated with greater sensitivity to negative emotion in cat and dog distress vocalizations.

Information-Processing Biases in Children and Adolescents:An Introduction to the Special Issue

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-170
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Micco
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Interpretation Biases ◽  
Specific Factors

This special issue focuses on new developments in research on information-processing biases in children and adolescents. Prior research suggests that attention and interpretation biases in response to emotional stimuli may be associated with the etiology and maintenance of anxiety and depression in youth. Although our understanding of youth biases has burgeoned over the past decade, questions remain regarding mixed findings across studies, heterogeneity of biases across individuals, specific factors that contribute to and maintain biases, and how best to maximize the efficacy of interventions designed to modify biases. Through the use of innovative methods and technology, the articles in this special issue illustrate progress being made toward filling these gaps in our knowledge and showcase some of the exciting new developments in this area of research.

scholarly journals Differential efficacy of escitalopram and nortriptyline on dimensional measures of depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Uher ◽  
Wolfgang Maier ◽  
Joanna Hauser ◽  
Andrej Marušič ◽  
Christine Schmael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Specific Effects

BackgroundTricyclic antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered to be equally effective, but differences may have been obscured by internally inconsistent measurement scales and inefficient statistical analyses.AimsTo test the hypothesis that escitalopram and nortriptyline differ in their effects on observed mood, cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms of depression.MethodIn a multicentre part-randomised open-label design (the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study) 811 adults with moderate to severe unipolar depression were allocated to flexible dosage escitalopram or nortriptyline for 12 weeks. The weekly Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Beck Depression Inventory were scored both conventionally and in a more novel way according to dimensions of observed mood, cognitive symptoms and neurovegetative symptoms.ResultsMixed-effect linear regression showed no difference between escitalopram and nortriptyline on the three original scales, but symptom dimensions revealed drug-specific advantages. Observed mood and cognitive symptoms improved more with escitalopram than with nortriptyline. Neurovegetative symptoms improved more with nortriptyline than with escitalopram.ConclusionsThe three symptom dimensions provided sensitive descriptors of differential antidepressant response and enabled identification of drug-specific effects.

scholarly journals Anxiety and depression affect performance on the symbol digit modalities test over time in MS and other immune disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852096153
Author(s):  
Ruth Ann Marrie ◽  
Ronak Patel ◽  
Charles N Bernstein ◽  
James M Bolton ◽  
Lesley A Graff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Background: Longitudinal studies assessing depression and anxiety effects on cognition in multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited. Objective: We tested whether within-person fluctuations in symptoms of depression or anxiety over time affect cognition in persons with MS, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and a lifetime history of depression/anxiety disorders (DEP/ANX) but without an immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Methods: We followed participants (MS: 255, IBD: 247, RA: 154, and DEP/ANX: 306) for 3 years. Annually, they completed the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and cognitive tests including the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT). We evaluated associations of elevated symptoms (scores ⩾ 11) of anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) with SDMT z-scores using multivariable linear models—estimating between-person and within-person effects. Results: Participants with MS performed worse on the SDMT than participants in the DEP/ANX cohort (β = −0.68; 95% CI: −0.88, −0.48). Participants with elevated HADS-A scores performed worse on the SDMT than those without elevated scores (β = −0.43; 95% CI: −0.65, −0.21), particularly those with RA. Time-varying within-person elevations in depressive symptoms were associated with worse SDMT performance (β = −0.12; 95% CI: −0.21, −0.021). Conclusions: Across persons, elevated symptoms of anxiety adversely affected information processing. Elevated symptoms of depression within-persons over time were associated with declines in information processing speed.

Information Processing Biases in Impairment Decisions: Effect of Reversibility of Impairment Losses and Disclosure Transparency

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Hwee Cheng Tan ◽  
Ken T. Trotman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Information Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Bias ◽  
Information Processing Biases ◽  
Search Bias

ABSTRACT We investigate the effect of regulatory requirements on impairment decisions and managers' search for and evaluation of impairment information. We manipulate reversibility of impairment losses (“can be reversed” versus “cannot be reversed”) and transparency in disclosures of impairment assumptions (more transparent versus less transparent) in a 2 × 2 experiment. We find that managers are more willing to impair when impairment losses can be reversed than when they cannot be reversed, but this effect does not vary with disclosure transparency. We also find that managers display information search bias in all four experimental conditions, however, regulatory requirements do not result in differences in the level of information search bias across the conditions. In contrast, regulatory requirements affect the differences in the level of information evaluation bias across conditions. We find that when impairment losses cannot be reversed, information evaluation bias is higher when disclosures are more transparent than less transparent. JEL Classification: M40; M41.

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