scholarly journals Nonprobative Photos Inflate the Truthiness and Falsiness of Claims

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Eryn J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Information ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Truth Bias ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Experimental Context ◽  
Famous Person ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Psychology Literature ◽  
Knowledge Claims

<p>When people evaluate claims they often rely on what comedian Stephen Colbert calls truthiness, judging claims using subjective feelings of truth, rather than drawing on facts. Over seven experiments I examined how nonprobative photos can manufacture truthiness in just a few seconds. I found that a quick exposure to a photo that relates to, but does not provide any probative evidence about the accuracy of claims can systematically bias people to conclude claims are true. In Experiments 1A and 1B, people saw familiar and unfamiliar celebrity names and, for each, quickly responded "true" or "false" to the claim "This famous person is alive" or (between subjects) "This famous person is dead." Within subjects, some names appeared with a photo of the celebrity engaged in his/her profession whereas other names appeared alone. For unfamiliar celebrity names, photos increased the likelihood that subjects judged the claim to be true. Moreover, the same photos inflated the truth of "Alive" and "Dead" claims, suggesting that photos did not produce an "alive bias," but a "truth bias." Experiment 2 showed that photos and verbal information similarly inflated truthiness, suggesting that the effect is not peculiar to photographs per se. Experiment 3 demonstrated that nonprobative photos can also enhance the truthiness of general knowledge claims (Giraffes are the only mammals that cannot jump). In Experiments 4-6 I examined boundary conditions for truthiness. I found that the semantic relationship between the photo and claim mattered. Experiment 4 showed that in a within-subject design, related photos produced truthiness, but unrelated photos acted just like the no photo condition. But unrelated photos were not always benign, Experiment 5 showed that their effects depended on experimental context. In a mixed design, related photos produced truthiness and unrelated photos produced falsiness. Although the effect of related photos was robust across materials and variation in experimental context, when I used a fully between-subjects design in Experiment 6, the effect of photos (related and unrelated) was eliminated. These effects add to a growing literature on how nonprobative information can influence people’s decisions and suggest that nonprobative photographs do more than simply decorate, they can rapidly manufacture feelings of truth. As with many effects in the cognitive psychology literature, the photo-truthiness effect depends on the way in which people process and interpret photos when evaluating the truth of claims.</p>

scholarly journals Nonprobative Photos Inflate the Truthiness and Falsiness of Claims

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Eryn J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Information ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Truth Bias ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Experimental Context ◽  
Famous Person ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Psychology Literature ◽  
Knowledge Claims

<p>When people evaluate claims they often rely on what comedian Stephen Colbert calls truthiness, judging claims using subjective feelings of truth, rather than drawing on facts. Over seven experiments I examined how nonprobative photos can manufacture truthiness in just a few seconds. I found that a quick exposure to a photo that relates to, but does not provide any probative evidence about the accuracy of claims can systematically bias people to conclude claims are true. In Experiments 1A and 1B, people saw familiar and unfamiliar celebrity names and, for each, quickly responded "true" or "false" to the claim "This famous person is alive" or (between subjects) "This famous person is dead." Within subjects, some names appeared with a photo of the celebrity engaged in his/her profession whereas other names appeared alone. For unfamiliar celebrity names, photos increased the likelihood that subjects judged the claim to be true. Moreover, the same photos inflated the truth of "Alive" and "Dead" claims, suggesting that photos did not produce an "alive bias," but a "truth bias." Experiment 2 showed that photos and verbal information similarly inflated truthiness, suggesting that the effect is not peculiar to photographs per se. Experiment 3 demonstrated that nonprobative photos can also enhance the truthiness of general knowledge claims (Giraffes are the only mammals that cannot jump). In Experiments 4-6 I examined boundary conditions for truthiness. I found that the semantic relationship between the photo and claim mattered. Experiment 4 showed that in a within-subject design, related photos produced truthiness, but unrelated photos acted just like the no photo condition. But unrelated photos were not always benign, Experiment 5 showed that their effects depended on experimental context. In a mixed design, related photos produced truthiness and unrelated photos produced falsiness. Although the effect of related photos was robust across materials and variation in experimental context, when I used a fully between-subjects design in Experiment 6, the effect of photos (related and unrelated) was eliminated. These effects add to a growing literature on how nonprobative information can influence people’s decisions and suggest that nonprobative photographs do more than simply decorate, they can rapidly manufacture feelings of truth. As with many effects in the cognitive psychology literature, the photo-truthiness effect depends on the way in which people process and interpret photos when evaluating the truth of claims.</p>

A double-edged sword: when does identity threat affect unethical behavior?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jinyi Zhou ◽  
Jifang Dou ◽  
Xiaoye (May) Wang
Keyword(s):  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
The Public ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Although individuals have different kinds of defensive strategies towards identity threat, the relationship between identity threat and unethical behavior is still unclear. In the current study, according to identity threat and self-affirmation theory, we propose and test the role of publicness of identity threat in determining whether identity threat will lead to unethical behavior. One online experiment with 197 participants (mixed design) and one laboratory experiment with 86 participants (between-subject design) are used to test our hypotheses. Our findings reveal that when individuals' identity threat is from the public sphere, it will increase their unethical behavior, but when such a threat is from the private sphere, it will reduce their unethical behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Facial Identity Memory Is Enhanced When Sender’s Expression Is Congruent to Perceiver’s Experienced Emotion

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 892-908
Author(s):  
Marilyn Mendolia
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Identity Recognition ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Experienced Emotion

The role of the social context in facial identity recognition and expression recall was investigated by manipulating the sender’s emotional expression and the perceiver’s experienced emotion during encoding. A mixed-design with one manipulated between-subjects factor (perceiver’s experienced emotion) and two within-subjects factors (change in experienced emotion and sender’s emotional expression) was used. Senders’ positive and negative expressions were implicitly encoded while perceivers experienced their baseline emotion and then either a positive or a negative emotion. Facial identity recognition was then tested using senders’ neutral expressions. Memory for senders previously seen expressing positive or negative emotion was facilitated if the perceiver initially encoded the expression while experiencing a positive or a negative emotion, respectively. Furthermore, perceivers were confident of their decisions. This research provides a more detailed understanding of the social context by exploring how the sender–perceiver interaction affects the memory for the sender.

Shifts in Force Perception Threshold in Laparoscopic Surgery with Experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 636-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zhou ◽  
J. Perreault ◽  
S.D. Schwaitzberg ◽  
C.G.L. Cao
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Haptic Feedback ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Detection Time ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Friction Forces ◽  
Force Perception ◽  
Within Subjects

In laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon receives limited haptic feedback and relies on visual feedback to judge the amount of force applied to tissues. It has been shown that friction forces inherent in the instrumentation increased the haptic perception threshold of naive subjects. A controlled experiment was conducted to examine the effects of experience on force perception threshold in a simulated tissue-probing task. Fourteen subjects participated in a mixed design experiment, with friction, vision, and tissue softness as independent within-subjects factors, experience as an independent between-subjects factor, and applied force and detection time as dependent measures. Higher thresholds and longer detection times were observed when friction was present. Experienced surgeons applied a greater force than novices, but were quicker to detect contact with tissue, suggesting that experience allowed surgeons to perform more efficiently while keeping within the limits of safety.

scholarly journals Reproducible Tables in Psychology Using the apaTables Package

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Stanley ◽  
Jeffrey R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
American Psychological ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Microsoft Word ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mean Differences

Growing awareness of how susceptible research is to errors, coupled with well-documented replication failures, has caused psychological researchers to move toward open science and reproducible research. In this Tutorial, to facilitate reproducible psychological research, we present a tool that creates reproducible tables that follow the American Psychological Association’s (APA’s) style. Our tool, apaTables, automates the creation of APA-style tables for commonly used statistics and analyses in psychological research: correlations, multiple regressions (with and without blocks), standardized mean differences, N-way independent-groups analyses of variance (ANOVAs), within-subjects ANOVAs, and mixed-design ANOVAs. All tables are saved as Microsoft Word documents, so they can be readily incorporated into manuscripts without manual formatting or transcription of values.

Lying to patients: Ethics of deception in nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 147775092097710
Author(s):  
Drew A Curtis ◽  
Jennifer M Braziel ◽  
Robert A Redfearn ◽  
Jaimee Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Nursing Programs ◽  
Ethical Code ◽  
Nursing Ethics ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multidimensional Ethics Scale ◽  
Within Subjects

While the ethical use of deception has been discussed in literature, the ethics and acceptability of nursing deception has yet to be studied. The current study examined nurses’ and nursing students’ ratings of the ethics and acceptability of nursing deception. We predicted that nurses and nursing students would rate a truthful vignette as more ethical than a deceptive vignette. We also predicted that participants would rate nursing deception as unethical and unacceptable. A mixed design was used to examine ethics scores as a within-subjects factor and order as a between-groups design factor. A total of 131 nurses and nursing students were recruited from university nursing programs and hospitals in Texas. Participants were provided with a truthful vignette and deceptive vignette and used the Multidimensional Ethics Scale-Revised 1 to rate each vignette. Participants also completed the Lies in Nursing Ethics Questionnaire. The truthful nursing vignette was rated as more ethical than the deceptive vignette. Results indicated that most participants rated nursing deception as unethical, unacceptable, and a violation of the ANA ethical code. Some participants deemed that nursing deception may be acceptable within some cases. Age and years of experience were not related to the perceived ethics and acceptability of nursing deception. Nurses and nursing students believe that using deception with patients is unethical and unacceptable. However, some participants believed that deception may be warranted within some cases. These findings may reflect nurses’ placing the patient at the core of their values and viewing honesty as important for the nurse-patient relationship. Further implications and directions are discussed.

Changes of Heart: The Switch-Value Method for Assessing Value Uncertainty

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie K. John ◽  
Baruch Fischhoff
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Treatment Risk ◽  
Evaluative Criteria ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Task Mastery ◽  
Initial Choice

Background. Medical choices often evoke great value uncertainty, as patients face difficult, unfamiliar tradeoffs. Those seeking to aid such choices must be able to assess patients’ ability to reduce that uncertainty, to reach stable, informed choices. Objective. The authors demonstrate a new method for evaluating how well people have articulated their preferences for difficult health decisions. The method uses 2 evaluative criteria. One is internal consistency, across formally equivalent ways of posing a choice. The 2nd is compliance with principles of prospect theory, indicating sufficient task mastery to respond in predictable ways. Method. Subjects considered a hypothetical choice between noncurative surgery and palliative care, posed by a brain tumor. The choice options were characterized on 6 outcomes (e.g., pain, life expectancy, treatment risk), using a drug facts box display. After making an initial choice, subjects indicated their willingness to switch, given plausible changes in the outcomes. These changes involved either gains (improvements) in the unchosen option or losses (worsening) in the chosen one. A 2 × 2 mixed design manipulated focal change (gains v. losses) within subjects and change order between subjects. Results. In this demonstration, subjects’ preferences were generally consistent 1) with one another: with similar percentages willing to switch for gains and losses, and 2) with prospect theory, requiring larger gains than losses, to make those switches. Conclusion. Informed consent requires understanding decisions well enough to articulate coherent references. The authors’ method allows assessing individuals’ success in doing so.

The Impact of User Biases Toward a Virtual Human’s Skin Tone on Triage Errors Within a Virtual World for Emergency Management Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 2057-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Zipp ◽  
Tyler Krause ◽  
Scotty D. Craig*
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Ethnic Biases ◽  
The Impact

Biases influence the decisions people make in everyday life, even if they are unaware of it. This behavior transfers into social interactions in virtual environments. These systems are becoming an increasingly common platform for training, so it is critical to understand how biases will impact them. The present study investigates the effect of the ethnicity bias on error behaviors within a virtual world for medical triage training. Two between subjects variables, participant skin tone (light, dark) and avatar skin tone (light, dark), and one within subjects variable, agent/patient skin tone (light, dark), were manipulated to create a 2 X 2 X 2 mixed design with four conditions. Effects on errors were observed on errors made while helping patient (agents). Participants made considerably more errors while triaging dark-skinned agents which increased the amount of time spent on them, in comparison to light-skinned agents. Within a virtual world for training, people apply general ethnic biases against dark-skinned individuals, which is important to consider when designing such systems because the biases could impact the effectiveness of the training.

Generalizing the Effect of Lyrics on Emotion Rating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqing Ma ◽  
David John Baker ◽  
Katherine Vukovics ◽  
Connor Davis ◽  
Emily M. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Music Psychology ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Psychology Literature

What factors affect listeners’ emotional perception of music? Ali and Peynircioğlu (2006) conducted a series of experiments on the listener's emotional response to melodies and lyrics in songs. Here we present a pre-registered replication and extension of this line of research with new adapted stimuli and several musical covariates using the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI). Using a within-subjects design, participants (n = 104) were asked to rate the perceived emotions to unfamiliar happy, sad, calm, and angry songs with and without lyrics to model the extent to which each factor contributed to listener ratings. We failed to replicate the results of the original paper, but did find significant results in the opposite direction of several variables. Our extension of the analysis found evidence supporting the idea that emotional perception can and should be divorced from aspects associated with musical training. The mixed-effects model showed a significant effect of the emotional engagement subscale of the Gold-MSI above and beyond our replication analysis. While the results we detail in this research report conflict with the original findings, this conceptual replication and extension serve to highlight the importance of replicating findings reported within the music psychology literature.

Decision Statistic Mapping and Number of Information Dimensions on Decision Making with Graphical Displays

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1503-1507
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Mitchell ◽  
David W. Biers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Decision Statistic ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Feature Theory ◽  
Intermediate Performance ◽  
Bar Graphs

This study sought to: (1) analytically separate the components of a graphical display which contributed to performance on integrated and separable tasks; and (2) determine the effect of the number of dimensions of information which had to be integrated. To that end, the study employed a 7 × 3 mixed design with seven displays manipulated between-subjects and the number of information dimensions (three, six, and nine) manipulated within-subjects. The seven displays examined included two bar graphs (non-object and object formats), two midline displays (non-object and object formats), a direct graphical display, and two numerical displays (numerical separable and numerical integrative). Based upon propositions generated from emergent feature theory, the ability to integrate information in these displays should be a function of the faithfulness, saliency, and directness of mapping the decision statistic onto the display. Results indicated that the displays which directly represented the integrated decision, the numerical integrative and the direct graphical displays, resulted in the best performance. Intermediate performance was obtained on those displays (i.e. the object bar graph, the non-object midline, and the object midline) which incorporated faithfulness, saliency, or both, respectively. The worst performance on the integrated task was exhibited for those displays (i.e. the numerical separable and the non-object bar) which did not represent directness, faithfulness, or saliency. For both the integrated and separable tasks, accuracy increased as the number of information dimensions increased. The unexpected direction of this effect was attributed to subjects” investing more resources in performing the task at the six or nine cue levels due to the perceived increase in difficulty of the task.

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