scholarly journals Livy's Witch-hunts: A Study of Investigations into Veneficium found in Livy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liam Grandy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Final Point ◽  
Ab Urbe Condita ◽  
Witch Hunts ◽  
Witch Hunt

<p>This thesis is an exploration of large scale incidents of veneficium as they are depicted in Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita. Livy’s earlier books include references to four quaestiones de veneficiis, investigations into poisoning, which resulted in the executions of thousands of people. This study attempts to understand what happened while hypothesising why they occurred.  Veneficium and its associated words have often been declared ambiguous, referring to poisons, potions, and, eventually, magic. However, this interpretation developed significantly later than the events seen in Livy and is anachronistic. This thesis explores this language and so we can understand what veneficium meant during the quaestiones de veneficiis of the fourth and second centuries BC and in Livy’s own time, and how it evolved to become magical and thus colour modern scholarships. Using this knowledge, we can review and reconsider Livy’s reports to gain a fresh understanding of what actually happened during the quaestiones and how the motifs and themes of these investigations reveal that they were in fact social responses to a period of rapid change to Roman life in the second century BC. This final point is reaffirmed when we engage with interdisciplinary theories from anthropology and sociology. By considering theories and models from these schools we can confidently say that, while venefici were not witches, their persecution was a type of witch-hunt.</p>

scholarly journals Livy's Witch-hunts: A Study of Investigations into Veneficium found in Livy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liam Grandy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Final Point ◽  
Ab Urbe Condita ◽  
Witch Hunts ◽  
Witch Hunt

<p>This thesis is an exploration of large scale incidents of veneficium as they are depicted in Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita. Livy’s earlier books include references to four quaestiones de veneficiis, investigations into poisoning, which resulted in the executions of thousands of people. This study attempts to understand what happened while hypothesising why they occurred.  Veneficium and its associated words have often been declared ambiguous, referring to poisons, potions, and, eventually, magic. However, this interpretation developed significantly later than the events seen in Livy and is anachronistic. This thesis explores this language and so we can understand what veneficium meant during the quaestiones de veneficiis of the fourth and second centuries BC and in Livy’s own time, and how it evolved to become magical and thus colour modern scholarships. Using this knowledge, we can review and reconsider Livy’s reports to gain a fresh understanding of what actually happened during the quaestiones and how the motifs and themes of these investigations reveal that they were in fact social responses to a period of rapid change to Roman life in the second century BC. This final point is reaffirmed when we engage with interdisciplinary theories from anthropology and sociology. By considering theories and models from these schools we can confidently say that, while venefici were not witches, their persecution was a type of witch-hunt.</p>

Flow field and acoustics characteristics of elliptical jet

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1364-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manigandan ◽  
Vijayaraja K.
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Minor Axis ◽  
Shock Cell ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Elliptical Jet

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of mixing promotion and screech frequency of controlled elliptical supersonic jet. Design/methodology/approach Flow field characteristics of low-aspect-ratio elliptical jets are examined at over-expanded, under-expanded and correctly expanded conditions. The tabs are placed at elliptical jet exit along the major and minor axes. Findings The results show that the mixing done by the minor axis is superior to the tabs along major axis. At all pressure ratios, the content of jet noise and the frequency are high for the tabs along the major axis because of increase in the amplitude of screech frequency. Further the tabs along minor axis show a dominance of large-scale vertical structures. In under-expanded conditions, the shock cell shows the rapid change because of the presence of tabs. The tabs along minor axis are making the shock weaker, hence no evidence of axis switching. Practical implications To achieve the greater performance of jet, the authors need to reduce the potential core length of the issuing jet. This can be achieved by implementing different types of tabs at the exit of the nozzle. Originality/value The present paper represents the flow of controlled jet using inverted triangular tabs. By achieving the controlled jet flow, the performance of propulsion systems can be improved. This can be used in systems such as combustion chamber, missile’s noise reduction and thrust vector control.

What's in a hump? Re-examining the hunchback in the Villa-Albani-Torlonia

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 130-156
Author(s):  
Lisa Trentin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
And Shifts

The private collection of the Villa Albani-Torlonia in Rome holds the only surviving large-scale sculpture of a hunchback [fig. i]. Although this hunchback has been intensely studied, it remains enigmatic. The hunchback is generally agreed to be Roman and dated to the second century CE on the basis of its portrait head, particularly in the drilling technique of its hairstyle, though the realism of its misshapen and ugly body is in the direct tradition of works of the third century BCE.Whether this hunchback is an original of its time or a copy of a now lost Greek work is still contentious. Since its discovery in the Baths of Caracalla, the figure has been identified as the famous Greek fabulist Aesop, who, according to literary tradition, may have been a hunchback. Although several scholars have suggested new possibilities for the identity of this hunchback, including the proposition that it is a Roman original representing a jester of the imperial court, its association with Aesop has remained. But is its identity necessarily key to understanding its significance? This article intends to move away from the identification of this figure to consider the hunchback primarily as a type, rather than a person, and shifts the emphasis to its context within a bathhouse.

scholarly journals A New Crusade: Johannes Tinctor's Sect of Witches

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Punyi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Witch Hunt ◽  
The Middle Ages

The witch-hunt of the Burgundian town of Arras in 1459-1460 was the first large- scale, state-sponsored witch-hunt of Western Europe. However, immediately following this witch-hunt we still find evidence of a reluctance to accept the realities of witchcraft among the populace, made plain in the official appeal record of the accused Seigneur Colard de Beaufort at the parlement de Paris. Scepticism of this kind stirred the Dominican cleric Johannes Tinctor out of retirement to write a vicious demonological treatise to convince the courts of Burgundy and France of the existence and dangers of a sect called vaudois, a term that had come to refer to witches. This essay closely examines Tinctor's heavy use of crusading imagery in his Invectives contre la secte de vauderie to justify and rationalize his arguments for duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and his court, a court renowned for consistent but empty promises of crusade and an elaborate culture bloated with an idealized infatuation with chivalric virtue and romance. In the autumn of the middle ages, when the traditional eastern crusade against "Saracens" had become frustratingly difficult to organize, what could be more appealing to a court so starved for crusade than a cry for war against an even greater enemy hiding amongst the populace, threatening Christendom from within? 

The varying influence of social and linguistic factors on language stability and change: The case of Eskilstuna

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Sundgren
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
Empirical Material

AbstractContinuity and Change in Present-Day Swedish: Eskilstuna Revisited is a large-scale study of language change in real time. In this article, the focus is on the results of a trend study and the analysis of how extralinguistic and linguistic factors influence how language varies and changes.The empirical material consists of informal conversationlike interviews, in which seven morphological and morphophonological variables have been analyzed in terms of the traditional extralinguistic factors of social group, gender, and age, as well as in terms of social networks. These morpho(phono)logical variables are sociolinguistically marked and have been hypothesized to show a process of more or less rapid change from regional dialect toward spoken standard. The rate of change at the level of the community has been slow, however. Comparisons between the influence of extralinguistic and linguistic factors indicate that social forces are more influential than linguistic ones.

Dependence of benefits of convection permitting models on large-scale conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijel Belusic ◽  
Petter Lind ◽  
Oskar Landgren ◽  
Dominic Matte ◽  
Rasmus Anker Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Special Focus

&lt;p&gt;Current literature strongly indicates large benefits of convection permitting models for subdaily summer precipitation extremes. There has been less insight about other variables, seasons and weather conditions. We examine new climate simulations over the Nordic region, performed with the HCLIM38 regional climate model at both convection permitting and coarser scales, searching for benefits of using convection permitting resolutions. The Nordic climate is influenced by the North Atlantic storm track and characterised by large seasonal contrasts in temperature and precipitation. It is also in rapid change, most notably in the winter season when feedback processes involving retreating snow and ice lead to larger warming than in many other regions. This makes the area an ideal testbed for regional climate models. We explore the effects of higher resolution and better reproduction of convection on various aspects of the climate, such as snow in the mountains, coastal and other thermal circulations, convective storms and precipitation with a special focus on extreme events. We investigate how the benefits of convection permitting models change with different variables and seasons, and also their sensitivity to different circulation regimes.&lt;/p&gt;

Small Firm Flexibility in Turkey: The Case of OSTIM Industrial District at Ankara

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Nadir Sugur
Keyword(s):  
Small Firm ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Turkish Case

This study draws upon fieldwork to examine the role of the small firm in developing countries with special reference to the Turkish case. The fieldwork was conducted at OSTIM during 1992-93. The study will critically examine the theory of ‘flexible specialization’, which claims that certain developments in capitalist economies, such as a rapid change and differentiation in demand and growth of trade unionism in large production plants, increasingly undermine the system of mass production in large scale firms, and thus favor the growth of small firms. More specifically, it will inquire whether the Turkish case confirms the growth of the small firm sector of the economy in relation to the use of new technology, flexible production techniques, flexible work force and design.

scholarly journals Predicting species and community responses to global change in Australian mountain ecosystems using structured expert judgement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Camac ◽  
Kate D.L. Umbers ◽  
John W. Morgan ◽  
Sonya R. Geange ◽  
Anca Hanea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Expert Elicitation ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Australian Alps

AbstractConservation managers are under increasing pressure to make decisions about the allocation of finite resources to protect biodiversity under a changing climate. However, the impacts of climate and global change drivers on species are outpacing our capacity to collect the empirical data necessary to inform these decisions. This is particularly the case in the Australian Alps which has already undergone recent changes in climate and experienced more frequent large-scale bushfires. In lieu of empirical data, we used a structured expert elicitation method (the IDEA protocol) to estimate the abundance and distribution of nine vegetation groups and 89 Australian alpine and subalpine species by the year 2050. Experts predicted that most alpine vegetation communities would decline in extent by 2050; only woodlands and heathlands were predicted to increase in extent. Predicted species-level responses for alpine plants and animals were highly variable and uncertain. In general, alpine plants spanned the range of possible responses, with some expected to increase, decrease or not change in cover. By contrast, almost all animal species were predicted to decline or not change in abundance or elevation range; more species with water-centric life-cycles were expected to decline in abundance than other species. In the face of rapid change and a paucity of data, the method and outcomes outlined here provide a pragmatic and coherent basis upon which to start informing conservation policy and management, although this approach does not diminish the importance of collecting long-term ecological data.Article Impact StatementExpert knowledge is used to quantify the adaptive capacity and thus, the risk posed by global change, to Australian mountain flora and fauna.

scholarly journals Tempo and Mode in Cultural Macroevolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470492110666
Author(s):  
Peter Turchin ◽  
Sergey Gavrilets
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Global History ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Cultural Multilevel Selection ◽  
Cultural Traits

Evolutionary scientists studying social and cultural evolution have proposed a multitude of mechanisms by which cultural change can be effected. In this article we discuss two influential ideas from the theory of biological evolution that can inform this debate: the contrast between the micro- and macro-evolution, and the distinction between the tempo and mode of evolution. We add the empirical depth to these ideas by summarizing recent results from the analyses of data on past societies in Seshat: Global History Databank. Our review of these results suggests that the tempo (rates of change, including their acceleration and deceleration) of cultural macroevolution is characterized by periods of apparent stasis interspersed by rapid change. Furthermore, when we focus on large-scale changes in cultural traits of whole groups, the most important macroevolutionary mode involves inter-polity interactions, including competition and warfare, but also cultural exchange and selective imitation; mechanisms that are key components of cultural multilevel selection (CMLS) theory.

scholarly journals Stalin’s Liquidation of Kulaks as Class and Organization of the Process of the Soviet Peasantry Proletarianization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1229-1244
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Anfertiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Two Stages

The article examines various aspects of the recently revealed archival document of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the plan of repressive policy against the Soviet peasantry “On measures to eliminate kulak farms in the areas of continuous collectivization.” The author notes that the process of liquidation of kulaks as class, or of depeasantrification, as it is often designated in the historical literature, has been well studied. The first and rather timid attempts to assess the problem in the terms of individual “deformations of socialism” date to the turn the 1990s. At present, the attention is mostly focused on the regional aspect, as over the past three decades there has been made available a complex of sources from local archives, which was previously in closed storage. The article analyzes preconditions of the protest sentiments in the course of mass collectivization undertaken by the party bodies in the center and in the regions, as well as harsh suppression of possible peasant uprisings by punitive bodies, identification and persecution of the instigators. Examination of official party documents on collectivization permits to identify the ideological, social, and economic criteria for ranking Soviet peasants among kulaks. It is concluded that liquidation of kulaks as class on the territory of the USSR was conducted in a very short time and in two stages. At the first stage, in January – March 1930, repressions were to be carried out in the economically developed regions: the Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga region, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Ural, Siberia. The second stage spread them to other regions of Soviet Russia. The author notes an inconsistency in the thesis of positive economic consequences of the mass collectivization and elimination of kulaks as class for industrialization. Taking into account their consequences, the author proposes to consider these two complementary processes initiated by the leadership of the CPSU (B) as a preventive campaign to intimidate the rural population in order to return to the methods of surplus appropriation via formation of the collective farm system. It has been revealed that J.V. Stalin’s plans, in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, included a rapid change in socio-economic status of peasants: from relatively free farmers, producers of agricultural products entitled to manage their crops (after paying the taxes) to hired workers, in other words, proletarians. According to the author, the large-scale famine of the first half of the 1930s was a direct consequence of the so-called “revolutionary transformations in agriculture,” the victims of which are still to be accurately calculated.

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