scholarly journals Conflict and satisfaction in distribution channels: Hotel operators' perspectives in Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarik Eng
Keyword(s):  
Price Level ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
Complaint Handling ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Travel Agencies

<p>This study examines hoteliers’ perceptions of the level of satisfaction and sources of conflict with both traditional and online intermediaries (TI and OI) in Cambodia. It unveils the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with intermediaries in Cambodia, discusses the sources of conflict, and assesses whether there are differences in terms of the levels of satisfaction as well as sources of conflict between TI and OI. This study is focussed on the supply side, which is hoteliers. A mixed methods approach is used for this study and 42 hoteliers in Cambodia were interviewed in three different regions in Cambodia: Siem Reap, Phnom Penh, and Sihanoukville.  The study found that the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with intermediaries is very positive. The overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with TI such as travel agencies and tour operators is perceived as satisfactory between "Somewhat good" and "Extremely good". Similarly, the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with OI such as Booking.com, Expedia, Agoda, and Ctrip is also perceived as satisfactory ranging from "Somewhat good" to "Extremely good".  The results also reveal that the most common sources of conflict with TI are price level-related conflict, payment-related conflict, and price-quality ratio-related conflict. The least common sources of conflict for TI were booking details-related conflict, commission-related conflict, and overbooking-related conflict. Likewise, the most frequent sources of conflict with OI are price level-related conflict, overbooking-related conflict, and complaint handling-related conflict and commission-related conflict, booking details-related conflict, and fulfillment of contract conditions-related conflict were the least frequent sources of conflict.  Some differences were found for the level of satisfaction and sources of conflict in terms of hotel attributes and respondents' backgrounds. Regarding the level of satisfaction, differences were found in the case of hotel size and hotel age with TI. Concerning the sources of conflict, differences were found in terms of respondents’ nationalities, hotel category, hotel size, and hotel age. It is surprising to note that no statistical differences were found in the case of hotel location, ownership, and respondents’ job titles.</p>

scholarly journals Conflict and satisfaction in distribution channels: Hotel operators' perspectives in Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarik Eng
Keyword(s):  
Price Level ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
Complaint Handling ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Travel Agencies

<p>This study examines hoteliers’ perceptions of the level of satisfaction and sources of conflict with both traditional and online intermediaries (TI and OI) in Cambodia. It unveils the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with intermediaries in Cambodia, discusses the sources of conflict, and assesses whether there are differences in terms of the levels of satisfaction as well as sources of conflict between TI and OI. This study is focussed on the supply side, which is hoteliers. A mixed methods approach is used for this study and 42 hoteliers in Cambodia were interviewed in three different regions in Cambodia: Siem Reap, Phnom Penh, and Sihanoukville.  The study found that the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with intermediaries is very positive. The overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with TI such as travel agencies and tour operators is perceived as satisfactory between "Somewhat good" and "Extremely good". Similarly, the overall level of satisfaction of hoteliers with OI such as Booking.com, Expedia, Agoda, and Ctrip is also perceived as satisfactory ranging from "Somewhat good" to "Extremely good".  The results also reveal that the most common sources of conflict with TI are price level-related conflict, payment-related conflict, and price-quality ratio-related conflict. The least common sources of conflict for TI were booking details-related conflict, commission-related conflict, and overbooking-related conflict. Likewise, the most frequent sources of conflict with OI are price level-related conflict, overbooking-related conflict, and complaint handling-related conflict and commission-related conflict, booking details-related conflict, and fulfillment of contract conditions-related conflict were the least frequent sources of conflict.  Some differences were found for the level of satisfaction and sources of conflict in terms of hotel attributes and respondents' backgrounds. Regarding the level of satisfaction, differences were found in the case of hotel size and hotel age with TI. Concerning the sources of conflict, differences were found in terms of respondents’ nationalities, hotel category, hotel size, and hotel age. It is surprising to note that no statistical differences were found in the case of hotel location, ownership, and respondents’ job titles.</p>

The Macroeconomics of Demonetization: Theory and Some Conjectures

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-143
Author(s):  
Subhasankar Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Price Level ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Inflation Expectations ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Common People ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
E 52 ◽  
Permanent Increase

The withdrawal of high-denomination paper money in India—popularly termed ‘demonetization’—has generated interest among common people to understand what the usual macroeconomic consequences of such one-time monetary shock are. This article conjectures (a) that such unanticipated supply-side replacement of paper money of higher denominations may lead to a currency ‘trap’ in the short run and a permanent increase in the hoarding of lower denomination currencies in the long run and (b) that the effect on the GDP in the medium run can be ambiguous in a simple IS-LM framework once the effects of variable price level and changing inflation expectations are captured through the presence of an informal sector. JEL Classification: E 12, E 26, E 44, E 52

Proposing a model for evaluating market efficiency of OTAs: Theoretical approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 958-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Huang ◽  
Yide Liu ◽  
Dong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Long Tail ◽  
Industrial Chain ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Online Travel ◽  
Online Travel Agencies

As one of the most popular exchange intermediary for travel products, the online travel agencies (OTAs) compete fiercely. Previous studies on the OTA market efficiency focus on the travel product prices and distribution channels competition, but contradictions and paradoxes can be found between the theoretical explanations and empirical results. This article proposed a theoretical model by identifying two determinants of the OTA market efficiency: the matching ability and market size. The study shows that (1) the matching ability improves the market efficiency by enlarging the market size and increasing the effective range of competition; (2) the comparative advantage in matching ability of one OTA will lead to the efficiency occupation of other OTAs; and that (3) new OTAs or long tail travel products may reduce market efficiency, but it provides the opportunity to reconstruct the traditional industrial chain. This study enriches the economic theory of OTA and provides commercial guides for practice.

scholarly journals Globalization and perception of tourism trends by supply and demand

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlína Pellešová
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Interview Questionnaire

The article deals with the development of trends in tourism, specified by selected authors, who describe trends. The aim of the paper is to compare trends in supply and demand. In the field of supply, we focused on the view of tourism business. Within the institutional support project Tourism Trends in the Moravian-Silesian Region, the impact of globalization on trends, both on the demand side and on the supply side, was analysed. Following methods were used: analysis, comparison, interview, questionnaire survey. The research revealed that most of the customers are affected by globalization, about half of the customers use the Internet to select and purchase travel agency services, one fifth use discount portals. Customers have also focused most on the following holiday trends: finding new experiences, active and adventurous trips, discovering unique places, gastronomic tourism, sightseeing and cycling. Based on the comparison of trends from the perspective of customers, travel agencies and the description of trends from the Tourism Management Strategy in the MSR 2017, it was found that traditional tourism, urban, cognitive and creative tourism, rural tourism, spa tourism are considered dominant, along with growing interest in gastronomic tourism, extreme experiences and adventure tours.

The Projected Images of a Thrift Store Chain in Japan

2022 ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Bình Nghiêm-Phú
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Lifestyle Choice

Being thrifty and frugal has become a distinct lifestyle choice. An insightful knowledge about thrifty and frugal consumers on the demand side has been revealed by previous studies. However, related issues on the supply side have largely been neglected. Therefore, this study aims to examine the projection of the thrift store images. By analyzing interviews displayed on public websites with the director and staff of Treasure Factory, a big thrift store chain in Japan, this study has revealed that the company is actively projecting its images. Among seven images, Treasure Factory is especially focusing on products, purchase processes and distribution channels (place), and customer benefits (psychology). The remaining images (prices, promotion, customers or people, and partnerships) are less emphasized but still harmoniously synchronize with and support the main images. Implications for the theory behind thrift stores and for the actual management of them are discussed based on these findings.

scholarly journals Tourism Distribution Channels in the Northern Tourist Circuit of Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Judca Mkumbo
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Mountain Climbing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Channel Structures

<p>This study investigates the structure of tourism distribution channels in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. It explores factors influencing channel structures and also examines operational characteristics of the channels. It is a destination-based study that takes a supply-side approach. The study is based on in-depth interviews with different businesses across tourism sector at the destination. The northern tourist circuit is the heart of tourism industry in Tanzania; it is a core in a peripheral country. Tourists in the northern tourist circuit are primarily attracted by mountain climbing adventures, photographic and hunting safaris. Putting together different activities involved in a safari or adventure product requires the presence of ground tour operators. The former have links with all the suppliers at the destination and are the most knowledgeable about the destination among channel members in the destination. There is a complex relationship among channel members in the northern tourist circuit which partly contributes to the complexity of the distribution channels used. The majority of tourists who visit northern tourist circuit book their holidays through overseas agents; a few purchase directly from the suppliers. The majority of those who shop through overseas agents are package or customized tourists while most independent travellers buy their holidays directly, often making multiple purchases. Ground tour operators in Kenya are important channel members as well. This is because a significant number of tourists who visit the northern tourist circuit come through Kenya and ground tour operators there pass them down to their counterparts in Tanzania. Hunting tourists access the destinations through professional hunters, either directly or through overseas marketing agents. Secondary activities like cultural tourism rely more on "at destination" distribution as their drawing power is less than wildlife resources and adventure attractions. Factors which influence the structure of distribution in the northern tourist circuit include size of the business, nature of the attraction, tourists' preference, distance from market to destination, lack of capital and marketing knowledge. Channel performance is based on two main criteria: volume of clients the channel produces and the profit generated from the channel. Indirect channels produce more clients while direct channels are observed to generate more profit per client than indirect channels. Information technology is mainly used for creating awareness and communications. All the businesses interviewed have websites for those purposes.</p>

scholarly journals Tourism distribution channels and capacity management: the case of the Brazilian Island of Fernando de Noronha, a World Heritage Site

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amalina Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Capacity Management ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
Fernando De Noronha

<p>This research investigates the tourism distribution channels of Fernando de Noronha, an island off the Northeast coast of Brazil recognised by UNESCO as natural World Heritage Site. The novelty of this study is the examination of capacity management of this destination as a factor influencing supplier’s distribution channels. With this main purpose, the structures of the channel mix and the factors influencing them were identified. The research took a supply-side perspective, recognising the challenges of both suppliers and intermediaries when selling the destination. 41 in-depth interviews were conducted with suppliers, intermediaries located at Recife and Natal and governmental organisations (local, regional and central).  A mass-market approach on selling the destination is in place by both the public and the private sector. Most of the tourists to Fernando de Noronha make use of indirect channels (via online reservation websites or travel agencies) or utilize the internet to reach suppliers. There are many factors influencing the structures of distribution channels. These were classified in three categories: general factors (market opportunity, partnership issues, price of channels, product’s characteristics, reputation of the channel, business capacity and experience), the use of direct distribution (get higher profitability, market trend, ease and good results of word-of-mouth) and the reasons for indirect distribution (to get higher customer numbers, provision of payment ease for customers and price of information provision to consumers).  Although the carrying capacity measures of the destination were created in order to protect the natural resources of the Island for future generations, this is having an impact on the businesses when selling the destination and on tourists' travel decisions. The reason for this are: the payment of a conservation fee to gain access to the destination, the limited number of regular flights to the island (and regulated number of seats available), the restricted amount of airlines allowed to provide flights for the island and the controlled number of people that can get to the destination by plane and cruise ships each day.  The capacity management of the destination is influencing supplier’s distribution channels because it increases the price of the destination, it means a lack of flight tickets in the high season and consequently it creates an image of expensive destination. As a result, it is making suppliers (especially accommodation providers) be obliged to work with tour operators (and their respective travel agencies) due to the tour operators holding the transportation tickets (by sea on a cruise ship or by air) to the destination in advance. Thus, stakeholders of natural world heritage sites, national parks and islands should think of distribution channels as a key tool to strategically reposition their product in order to provide sustainable development for the destination and preserve its natural resources. Also, capacity management must be considered as an external constraint influencing stakeholders' distribution mix choices.</p>

scholarly journals Tourism Distribution Channels in the Northern Tourist Circuit of Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Judca Mkumbo
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Mountain Climbing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Channel Structures

<p>This study investigates the structure of tourism distribution channels in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. It explores factors influencing channel structures and also examines operational characteristics of the channels. It is a destination-based study that takes a supply-side approach. The study is based on in-depth interviews with different businesses across tourism sector at the destination. The northern tourist circuit is the heart of tourism industry in Tanzania; it is a core in a peripheral country. Tourists in the northern tourist circuit are primarily attracted by mountain climbing adventures, photographic and hunting safaris. Putting together different activities involved in a safari or adventure product requires the presence of ground tour operators. The former have links with all the suppliers at the destination and are the most knowledgeable about the destination among channel members in the destination. There is a complex relationship among channel members in the northern tourist circuit which partly contributes to the complexity of the distribution channels used. The majority of tourists who visit northern tourist circuit book their holidays through overseas agents; a few purchase directly from the suppliers. The majority of those who shop through overseas agents are package or customized tourists while most independent travellers buy their holidays directly, often making multiple purchases. Ground tour operators in Kenya are important channel members as well. This is because a significant number of tourists who visit the northern tourist circuit come through Kenya and ground tour operators there pass them down to their counterparts in Tanzania. Hunting tourists access the destinations through professional hunters, either directly or through overseas marketing agents. Secondary activities like cultural tourism rely more on "at destination" distribution as their drawing power is less than wildlife resources and adventure attractions. Factors which influence the structure of distribution in the northern tourist circuit include size of the business, nature of the attraction, tourists' preference, distance from market to destination, lack of capital and marketing knowledge. Channel performance is based on two main criteria: volume of clients the channel produces and the profit generated from the channel. Indirect channels produce more clients while direct channels are observed to generate more profit per client than indirect channels. Information technology is mainly used for creating awareness and communications. All the businesses interviewed have websites for those purposes.</p>

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