scholarly journals The role of the laboratory in disease surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Bradford Kay A.
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
International Reference ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control

Laboratory information is critical for disease surveillance and control programmes. Before an outbreak, laboratory-supported surveillance allows early detection of cases. During an outbreak a sample of cases should be laboratory confirmed to assess changes in the etiological agent and to guide decisions about the allocation of resources. Support is provided by laboratories of differing capabilities. Field laboratories are useful in areas where resources are limited or nonexistent. More complete testing is usually done in regional laboratories. International reference laboratories may identify rare or dangerous pathogens, identify newly described organisms, and provide uncommon diagnostic reagents. Laboratory information must be accurate, timely and subjected to quality assurance procedures

The Role of Primary Health Care in Prevention, Early Detection, and Control of Cancer

Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 660-675
Author(s):  
Salwa Bahkali ◽  
Mowafa Househ ◽  
Amin Bawazir ◽  
Mohamed Khalifa ◽  
Mohamud Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
High Risk Patient ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
And Control

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the incidence is growing. Recent evidence shows a reduced risk of dying from cancer. For years Primary Health Care (PHC) has played a vital role in promoting health, but little has been done in emphasizing its role in reducing the incidence of and mortality from cancer through performing early diagnosis. PHC is directly involved in the initial diagnosis of more than 85% of all cancer cases worldwide (Vedsted & Olesen, 2009). PHC also has an important role in the public awareness about the importance of screening, especially in high-risk patient groups. The interaction between the patient and the health service is crucial in ensuring that relevant alarming symptoms are presented and that action is taken at the earliest possible time. This chapter aims to explore the role of primary healthcare in the prevention, early detection, and control of cancer in a developing nation - Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Transmission ecology of canine parvovirus in a multi-host, multi-pathogen system

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1899) ◽  
pp. 20182772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkader Behdenna ◽  
Tiziana Lembo ◽  
Olga Calatayud ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
Jo E. B. Halliday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem ◽  
Transmission Ecology ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
African Lions

Understanding multi-host pathogen maintenance and transmission dynamics is critical for disease control. However, transmission dynamics remain enigmatic largely because they are difficult to observe directly, particularly in wildlife. Here, we investigate the transmission dynamics of canine parvovirus (CPV) using state–space modelling of 20 years of CPV serology data from domestic dogs and African lions in the Serengeti ecosystem. We show that, although vaccination reduces the probability of infection in dogs, and despite indirect enhancement of population seropositivity as a result of vaccine shedding, the vaccination coverage achieved has been insufficient to prevent CPV from becoming widespread. CPV is maintained by the dog population and has become endemic with approximately 3.5-year cycles and prevalence reaching approximately 80%. While the estimated prevalence in lions is lower, peaks of infection consistently follow those in dogs. Dogs exposed to CPV are also more likely to become infected with a second multi-host pathogen, canine distemper virus. However, vaccination can weaken this coupling, raising questions about the value of monovalent versus polyvalent vaccines against these two pathogens. Our findings highlight the need to consider both pathogen- and host-level community interactions when seeking to understand the dynamics of multi-host pathogens and their implications for conservation, disease surveillance and control programmes.

Reference materials as crucial tools for quality assurance and control in food analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Emons ◽  
Andrea Held ◽  
Franz Ulberth
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Reference Materials ◽  
Trace Element Analysis ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Analytical Quality Assurance ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Certified Values

The role of reference materials (RMs) in analytical quality assurance (QA) is outlined with special emphasis on trace element analysis of foodstuff. Crucial aspects for the development of such food RMs are illustrated by a recent example of trace elements in rice flour. Major influences on the uncertainty of certified values are discussed and possibilities to enhance the availability and fitness-for-purpose of RMs as well as their proper use are indicated.

Parasitic infections as major cause of abattoir condemnations in cattle slaughtered at an Ethiopian abattoir: 10-year retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Molla ◽  
S. Nazir ◽  
A. Mohammed ◽  
T. Tintagu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
The Public ◽  
North East ◽  
Abattoir Records ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Financial Losses

Abstract Abattoirs are vital for gathering information on animal diseases and protecting the public from consuming infected or unhygienic meat. To assess the major reasons for organ and carcass condemnations and their financial implications, we reviewed 10-year abattoir records of slaughtered bovines between January 2005 and December 2014 at Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir, north-east Ethiopia. Of the 46,913 cattle slaughtered during that period, 17,963 (38.3%) had at least one disease condition. Lungs (10.67%) and liver (25%) were the most affected and condemned organs, followed by heart (1.53%), head (0.56%), tongue (0.17%) and kidney (0.32%). The major conditions responsible for condemnation were fasciolosis (49.89%), hydatid cyst (55.55%), pericarditis (78.2%), hydronephrosis (35.8%), abscess (71.7%) and abscess (43.9%), in liver, lung, heart, kidneys, head and tongue, respectively. The direct financial losses incurred from organ and carcass condemnation over the 10-year period amounted to ETB 1,219,399 (USD 61,946.9), with parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and hydatidosis accounting for ETB 256,837.5 (USD 13,047.64) and ETB 170,827.5 (USD 8678.23) in losses, respectively. This study describes a significant loss of cheap and reliable sources of protein due to non-utilization of infected organs or carcasses, emphasizing the need to implement integrated approaches in disease surveillance and control programmes.

scholarly journals Role of adding T2 mapping sequence to the routine MR imaging protocol in the assessment of articular knee cartilage in osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atif Ibrahim Alsayyad ◽  
Khaled A. Ali Shehata ◽  
Rasha Tolba Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
T2 Mapping ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Knee Cartilage ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
Mapping Sequence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mri Protocol ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background This work aims at elucidating the role of adding complementary T2 mapping to the routine 1.5 Tesla MRI protocol in the articular knee cartilage assessment for early detection of osteoarthritis, and also, comparing the articular cartilage thickness and T2 relaxation times between the case and control groups regarding knee compartments affection. Results Both sensitivities and specificities were 73.3% and 100%, respectively, for the standard MR protocol alone and 96.7% and 90% after adding the T2 mapping to the standard MR protocol that leads to significant sensitivity improvement. A comparison between patients and controls as regards T2 values showed a highly statistically significant difference (independent T test, p <0.001). Conclusion A combination of both morphological and T2 mapping MRI, together with clinical evaluation represents a desirable multimodal approach to the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. In the early detection of osteoarthritis, adding T2 mapping sequence to the standard MR protocol at 1.5 Tesla improved sensitivity from 73.3 to 96.7%.

scholarly journals Quality Assurance and Audit in New Zealand Universities: A Review and Case Study

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Codd ◽  
Keith Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Quality Assurance And Control

Along with other institutions of higher education, the New Zealand universities are responding to pressures for increased accountability by developing policies and procedures for the maintenance of quality assurance and control. This paper reviews these developments, with a particular focus on the role of the New Zealand Universities Academic Audit Unit (AAU). In the period February to August 1996, the first full academic audit was undertaken by the AAU at Victoria University of Wellington (VUW). Taking this as a case study, the paper examines some of the issues surrounding quality assurance and audit in higher education and presents a critical review of current directions.

scholarly journals PERAN BABINSA DALAM KEGIATAN DETEKSI DINI GUNA PENCEGAHAN AKSI TERORISME (RELEVANSI DI WILAYAH KODIM 0618/BS KOTA BANDUNG)

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Komarudin Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
And Control

This study aimed to determined the role of non-commissioned officer in the early detection activities, constraints Babinsa role in the early detection activities and formulated efforts to optimized Babinsa role in the early detection of activities for the prevention of terrorism. Methods This study used a qualitative approach, with the data collection technique: First, theoretical orientation; collecting data with three stages, orientation, exploratory data collection, and research focus; Second, in-depth interviews and comprehensive; Third, the observation participation; and Fourth, documentation. In this study would be taken groups / people associated with problems Babinsa role in the early detection of activities to discovered problems in the field of the structural officials in institutional organization. The results were expected to knew about the current objective conditions Babinsa role in the early detection activities at the level of understanding and awareness as well as its ability to helped prevention and control of terrorism in the region, as well as being able to identifi ed the success factors in the activities of early detection as well as constraints in implementing the role seen on environmental aspects of security level. Then, about commitment and public awareness participating in the prevention and control of terrorism, by reviewing how institutional Babinsa accompanied by cooperation between the relevant authorities in handling the increasing role of Babinsa. Thus, could find the policy, strategy and efforts were enhanced through regular coaching related apparatus and increase the capabilities Babinsa role in the early detection activities, as well as the handling in helping the integration of prevention and control of terrorism.Keywords: Role of Babinsa, Early Detection, Terrorism

Conclusion and Epilogue

Before HIV ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Adolescent Sexuality ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

This chapter considers the role of long-term changes in patterns of fertility, mortality, and STDs in the emergence and control of HIV in this region. It emphasizes that in order to explain the rapidity with which HIV became a mass epidemic in a largely rural context, it is necessary to examine the long history of changes in marriage, adolescent sexuality, leisure, materialism, and perceptions of risk. Equally, the remarkable success of AIDS control programmes in both southern Uganda and Buhaya can only be understood through an analysis of the series of campaigns aimed at improving public morality beginning in the early twentieth century, which helped legitimize sex as a topic of serious debate. Finally, the chapter also examines in detail the intimate relationship between fertility and mortality in Africa.

The Role of Primary Health Care in Prevention, Early Detection, and Control of Cancer

2015 ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa Bahkali ◽  
Mowafa Househ ◽  
Amin Bawazir ◽  
Mohamed Khalifa ◽  
Mohamud Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
High Risk Patient ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
And Control

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the incidence is growing. Recent evidence shows a reduced risk of dying from cancer. For years Primary Health Care (PHC) has played a vital role in promoting health, but little has been done in emphasizing its role in reducing the incidence of and mortality from cancer through performing early diagnosis. PHC is directly involved in the initial diagnosis of more than 85% of all cancer cases worldwide (Vedsted & Olesen, 2009). PHC also has an important role in the public awareness about the importance of screening, especially in high-risk patient groups. The interaction between the patient and the health service is crucial in ensuring that relevant alarming symptoms are presented and that action is taken at the earliest possible time. This chapter aims to explore the role of primary healthcare in the prevention, early detection, and control of cancer in a developing nation - Saudi Arabia.

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