THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Feruza R. Davronova ◽  

This article discusses the socio-political activity of women, provides a comparative analysis of modern and traditional female images. In the course of the current scientific and technological revolution, we see that women are becoming the subject of active reforms. The traditional image of a woman is transformed before our eyes in different shapes and forms, acquiring new traits and features. Gender differences in leadership, sexual socialization, gender stereotypes, personal qualities of male and female leaders, managerial characteristics, and the creation of a socio-psychological image of a modern female leader require research in a number of social sciences. The article examines the reforms carried out in our country and around the world in order to achieve equals their socio-political activity in the management of the state and government, as well as the teachings, scientific and practical guidance of Eastern and Western scientists. Index Terms: governance, politics, political activity, gender equality, gender stereotypes, gender differences, leadership, quotas, personal qualities and characteristics

Author(s):  
Grace Kinyanjui

Men greatly outnumber women in leadership positions. Women are much less likely than men to be considered leaders. The status of women and leadership has been a quiet subject that is barely pronounced consciously. This is attributable to the various levels of discrimination, barriers, and biases that the society has towards women. The glass ceiling phenomenon is a great indicator and an illustrator of the fact that women have got what it takes to lead at the top levels in various spheres, but this has been curtailed by the various manifestations of the glass ceiling. Various scholars have demonstrated the contribution of inhibitions such as human capital differences, gender differences, as well as gender perceptions and biases. This chapter explores the intricate relationship and interplay between all these factors.


Author(s):  
Мария Анатольевна Толстова

Введение. Выявлены представления о мужчине в женском диалектном дискурсе. Материал и методы. Источником исследования послужили женские автобиографические рассказы, собранные автором в диалектологических экспедициях в 2016–2019 гг.; тексты Томского диалектного корпуса, включающего материалы экспедиций, организуемых сотрудниками Томского государственного университета с 1946 г. по наши дни в районы распространения говоров Среднего Приобья. Работа выполнена в рамках когнитивно-дискурсивного направления гендерной лингвистики. Результаты и обсуждение. Базой для выявления гендерных представлений и стереотипов является наличие лингвистических оппозиции «мужественность – женственность», в рамках которых противопоставляются личные качества мужчин и женщин и особенности их поведения. Определено, что мужчина по сравнению с женщиной менее бережлив, более склонен к пьянству. Противопоставление женщин и мужчин происходит на основе разделения трудовых обязанностей. Важным параметром для вербализации гендерных представлений является статус в браке. На уровне языка это находит отражение в частотном употреблении лексической единицы муж, в наличии значительного числа синонимов к данной единице. Как правило, рассуждения женщин о себе и своей жизни сопровождаются оценкой супруга и жизни с ним в браке. Наиболее ярко представления о мужчине фиксируются при характеристике его личных качеств. Женщины чаще всего оценивают мужчину исходя из его работоспособности, трудолюбия, хозяйственности, социальных достижений. При характеристике мужа важным оказывается его отношение к жене, наличие любви между супругами. Пьянство и агрессивность мужчины осуждаются. Негативно оценивается проявление мужчиной типично женских качеств: болтливости, склочности и скандальности. Заключение. На содержание женских представлений о мужчине оказывают влияние особенности сельского существования, основу которого составляет труд, наличие патриархальных гендерных стереотипов, социально-исторические события и процессы. Выявленные гендерные представления обладают дискурсивной спецификой, обусловленной гендерной идентичностью говорящего. Introduction. The article is devoted to the identification of ideas about men in women’s dialect discourse. Material and methods. The material of the research is women’s autobiographical stories recorded by the author in dialectological expeditions in 2016–2019; the Tomsk dialect corpus, which includes the materials of expeditions organized by employees of the Tomsk State University from 1946 till the present day on the territory of Middle Ob dialects spread. The research is carried out in cognitive-discursive direction of gender linguistics. Results and discussion. The basis for identifying gender ideas and stereotypes is linguistic opposition of “masculinity- femininity”, in which the personal qualities of men and women and the characteristics of their behavior are contrasted. It is determined that a man less thrifty, more prone to drunkenness than a woman. The contrast between women and men is based on the division of labor responsibilities. An important parameter for verbalization of gender ideas is the status in marriage. It is reflected in the frequency of using of lexical unit husband and in significant number of synonyms for this unit. As a rule, women’s stories s about themselves and their lives are accompanied by characterization of their husband and life in marriage. The most vivid ideas about a man are recorded during description of his personal qualities. Women more often evaluate a man based on his working capacity, economic efficiency, and social achievements. Attitude to a wife and love between a wife and a husband is important in description of husband’s characteristic. Drunkenness and aggressiveness of men are condemned. Such typically feminine qualities as loquacity, squabbling, and scandalous behavior, is negatively assessed for men. Conclusion. The content of ideas about men is influenced by the features of rural existence, which is based on work, patriarchal gender stereotypes, socio-historical events and processes. The identified gender ideas have a discursive specificity due to the gender identity of the speaker.


Author(s):  
Ambika Satkunanathan

Since the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka in 2009, the government has used national security concerns to legitimize ongoing human rights violations and an increasing militarized society. This chapter examines how this militarization impacts Sri Lankan women. It begins with an overview of the status of women during and after the conflict. It describes Sri Lankan militarization, including the physical presence of military members, military involvement in civil society and commercial activities, and military influence in the education system. The chapter explores the gendered impacts of such militarization, ranging from a fear of sexual violence to the weakening of community trust and political activity in light of extensive surveillance programs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various strategies used by women to survive and retain agency in this militarized context.


2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary N. Powell ◽  
D. Anthony Butterfield

Purpose This study aims to examine factors that may explain the status of women in management by exploring the linkages between leader anti-prototypes and prototypes to gender stereotypes. Design/methodology/approach Samples from two populations described either a “bad manager” (representing leader anti-prototypes) or a “good manager” (representing leader prototypes) on two instruments that assessed masculinity and femininity. Findings On each instrument, masculinity was endorsed more than femininity in both leader prototypes and anti-prototypes. Both masculinity and femininity were endorsed more in leader prototypes than leader anti-prototypes but only when the purpose of the instrument was disguised rather than transparent. Research limitations/implications Limitations of a single data collection method, the nature of the samples and a newly designed scale for purposes of the study are acknowledged. Further attention to the linkages of leader anti-prototypes and prototypes to gender stereotypes and the outcomes of these linkages is recommended. Practical implications Individuals who make managerial selection and promotion decisions may devote more attention to the presence or absence of masculine traits in candidates than to the presence or absence of feminine traits, thereby leading to female candidates being passed over and male candidates receiving greater scrutiny in determining who gets ahead. Social implications The study suggests cognitive mechanisms that may influence the status of women in management. Originality/value The study incorporates leader anti-prototypes and leader prototypes to explain the low status of women in management.


1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold S. Kahn ◽  
Janice D. Yoder

Although one goal of the psychology of women has been to enhance the status of women through social change, this goal has seldom been realized. Theory and research in the psychology of women have focused on gender differences and the personality of women rather than the society that oppresses women. As a result, this research has tended to blame women for their position in society and helped maintain the status quo, which can inhibit the struggle for equality by the women's movement. This process is demonstrated with reference to research on women and achievement. The causes and consequences of the focus on gender differences are discussed and recommendations made for a psychology of women in the service of women.


2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16033
Author(s):  
Larisa Bilalova ◽  
Mikhail Guryev ◽  
Oksana Ivanova ◽  
Olesya Ulybina ◽  
Uliana Khakhalkina

The civilization process of social development as of the period of XX-XXI centuries caused the comprehensive development of man in the cultural and political science fields. The intensive growth of humanitarian, natural science and technical and technological knowledge has shaped the sociocultural and political activity of the population. In these conditions, political communication as a simplified version of “power-society” relationship is transformed into a separate area of human activity, which has a serious impact on personal identity. In modern conditions, political communication is not just a process aimed at transmitting any information. This is a multitude of processes where power should be considered as the source. There is a variety of processes represented in species diversity. Political communications in modern conditions have acquired the status of a social institution with its structure, internal systemic links and links with scientific knowledge, which play an important role in determining the vector of development of society.


Sociologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Karolina Lendák-Kabók ◽  
Stanislava Popov

The subject of this research were the gender differences in the choice of studies of Hungarian, Slovak and Romanian ethnic minority members in the AP of Vojvodina. The aim of the paper is to analyze the status and career choices of ethnic minority students, who finish their secondary school in AP Vojvodina in their mother tongue. In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, 2192 students, both male and female, were asked to fill in a formal questionnaire in 16 municipalities in Vojvodina in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 school years. The results show that around one third of the secondary school students migrates and studies in the nearby EU countries. The research has also shown that gender stereotypes significantly influence the career choices of female students, who usually opt for social sciences, although technical sciences would provide them with a wider range of opportunities in career development.


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