scholarly journals The Effect of Non-Seasonal Climate Variations on Extreme Rainfall Events in Early Rainy Season Onset in Southest West Java Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Agus Safril ◽  
Hadi Saputra ◽  
Siswanto Siswanto ◽  
Aulia Nisa’ul Khoir ◽  
Aditya Kusuma Al Arif
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
West Java ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
La Nina

The region of Tasikmalaya, Garut, and Pangandaran (hereafter mentioned as Southeast West Java Province) experienced extreme precipitation that occurred on September 16, 2016, October 6, 2017, and November 5, 2018, which then followed by flood. The characteristics of these extreme rainfall events need to be communicated to the related disaster management agency and the local citizens as a part of understanding the risks and disaster mitigation. This paper aims to determine the relation between extreme rainfall and non-seasonal climate variations such as Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), tropical storm, and local circulation that occur simultaneously. Atmosphere and ocean data, including daily rainfall, precipitable water, cloud satellite imagery, wind and sea surface temperature were used. Descriptive statistical analysis, atmospheric dynamics, and physical atmosphere were applied to characterize the event, spatially and temporally. The results showed that the MJO was a non-seasonal factor that always exists in these three early rainy season extreme rainfall events in the region. Other non-seasonal factors such as interaction between La Nina and tropical disturbance; La Nina and local circulation; and El Nino and local circulation also affected the extreme rainfall events. We conclude that the intra-seasonal climate variation of MJO and inter-annual climate anomaly of La Nina/ El Nino, tropical storm, and local circulation are among the weather generators for extreme rainfall during early rainy season (September to November) in the Southeast West Java Province.

scholarly journals ENSO and Extreme Rainfall Events in South America

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice M. Grimm ◽  
Renata G. Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Enso Cycle ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
La Nina

Abstract The influence of the opposite phases of ENSO on the frequency of extreme rainfall events over South America is analyzed for each month of the ENSO cycle on the basis of a large set of daily station rainfall data and compared with the influence of ENSO on the monthly total rainfall. The analysis is carried out with station data and their gridded version and the results are consistent. Extreme events are defined as 3-day mean precipitation above the 90th percentile. The mean frequencies of extreme events are determined for each month and for each category of year (El Niño, La Niña, and neutral), and the differences between El Niño and neutral years and La Niña and neutral years are computed. Changes in the mean intensity of extreme events are also investigated. Significant ENSO signals in the frequency of extreme events are found over extensive regions of South America during different periods of the ENSO cycle. Although ENSO-related changes in intensity show less significance and spatial coherence, there are some robust changes in several regions, especially in southeastern South America. The ENSO-related changes in the frequency of extreme rainfall events are generally coherent with changes in total monthly rainfall quantities. However, significant changes in extremes are much more extensive than the corresponding changes in monthly rainfall because the highest sensitivity to ENSO seems to be in the extreme range of daily precipitation. This is important, since the most dramatic consequences of climate variability result from changes in extreme events. The pattern of frequency changes produced by El Niño and La Niña episodes with respect to neutral years is roughly symmetric, but there are several examples of nonlinearity in the ENSO regional teleconnections.

scholarly journals Tropical cyclone contribution to extreme rainfall over southwest Pacific Island nations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Deo ◽  
Savin S. Chand ◽  
Hamish Ramsay ◽  
Neil J. Holbrook ◽  
Simon McGree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Pacific Island Nations

AbstractSouthwest Pacific nations are among some of the worst impacted and most vulnerable globally in terms of tropical cyclone (TC)-induced flooding and accompanying risks. This study objectively quantifies the fractional contribution of TCs to extreme rainfall (hereafter, TC contributions) in the context of climate variability and change. We show that TC contributions to extreme rainfall are substantially enhanced during active phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and by El Niño conditions (particularly over the eastern southwest Pacific region); this enhancement is primarily attributed to increased TC activity during these event periods. There are also indications of increasing intensities of TC-induced extreme rainfall events over the past few decades. A key part of this work involves development of sophisticated Bayesian regression models for individual island nations in order to better understand the synergistic relationships between TC-induced extreme rainfall and combinations of various climatic drivers that modulate the relationship. Such models are found to be very useful for not only assessing probabilities of TC- and non-TC induced extreme rainfall events but also evaluating probabilities of extreme rainfall for cases with different underlying climatic conditions. For example, TC-induced extreme rainfall probability over Samoa can vary from ~ 95 to ~ 75% during a La Niña period, if it coincides with an active or inactive phase of the MJO, and can be reduced to ~ 30% during a combination of El Niño period and inactive phase of the MJO. Several other such cases have been assessed for different island nations, providing information that have potentially important implications for planning and preparing for TC risks in vulnerable Pacific Island nations.

scholarly journals Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (15) ◽  
pp. 4576-4581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhawn F. Denniston ◽  
Gabriele Villarini ◽  
Angelique N. Gonzales ◽  
Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll ◽  
Victor J. Polyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
El Niño Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Nino Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events

Assessing temporal variability in extreme rainfall events before the historical era is complicated by the sparsity of long-term “direct” storm proxies. Here we present a 2,200-y-long, accurate, and precisely dated record of cave flooding events from the northwest Australian tropics that we interpret, based on an integrated analysis of meteorological data and sediment layers within stalagmites, as representing a proxy for extreme rainfall events derived primarily from tropical cyclones (TCs) and secondarily from the regional summer monsoon. This time series reveals substantial multicentennial variability in extreme rainfall, with elevated occurrence rates characterizing the twentieth century, 850–1450 CE (Common Era), and 50–400 CE; reduced activity marks 1450–1650 CE and 500–850 CE. These trends are similar to reconstructed numbers of TCs in the North Atlantic and Caribbean basins, and they form temporal and spatial patterns best explained by secular changes in the dominant mode of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the primary driver of modern TC variability. We thus attribute long-term shifts in cyclogenesis in both the central Australian and North Atlantic sectors over the past two millennia to entrenched El Niño or La Niña states of the tropical Pacific. The influence of ENSO on monsoon precipitation in this region of northwest Australia is muted, but ENSO-driven changes to the monsoon may have complemented changes to TC activity.

scholarly journals Determination of a New Coastal ENSO Oceanic Index for Northern Peru

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Edgard Gonzales ◽  
Eusebio Ingol
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Emergency Operations Center ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Sequential Generation

In 2017, extreme rainfall events occurred in the northern portion of Peru, causing nearly 100,000 victims, according to the National Emergency Operations Center (COEN). This climatic event was attributed to the occurrence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine and differentiate between the occurrence of canonical ENSO, with a new type of ENSO called “El Niño Costero” (Coastal El Niño). The polynomial equation method was used to analyze the data from the different types of existing ocean indices to determine the occurrence of ENSO. It was observed that the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) 2.5 °C (January 2016) generated the “Modoki El Niño” and that the anomaly of SST −0.3 °C (January 2017) generated the “Modoki La Niña”; this sequential generation generated El Niño Costero. This new knowledge about the sui generis origin of El Niño Costero, based on the observations of this analysis, will allow us to identify and obtain important information regarding the occurrence of this event. A new oceanic index called the Pacific Regional Equatorial Index (PREI) was proposed to follow the periodic evolution and forecast with greater precision a new catastrophic event related to the occurrence of El Niño Costero and to implement prevention programs.

scholarly journals OSCILAÇÃO INTERANUAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO OBSERVADA ASSOCIADA AOS SISTEMAS CONVECTIVOS DE MESOESCALA SOBRE O ESTADO DA PARAÍBA (Oscillation Interanual Rainfall Observed The Associated Systems Mesoescale Convective on the Sate of Paraiba)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 969
Author(s):  
Virgínia Fátima Bezerra Nogueira ◽  
VALNER SILVA NOGUEIRA ◽  
ENILSON PALMEIRA CAVALCANTI ◽  
RILDO GONÇALVES MOURA ◽  
ALEX ALMEIDA FERNANDES
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Convective System ◽  
Equatorial Pacific Ocean ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
La Nina

Os Sistemas Convectivos de Mesoescala (SCM) contribuem substancialmente para a estação chuvosa da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Variações na Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) dos Oceanos Pacífico Equatorial e Atlântico Tropical impactam diretamente na intensidade dos SCMs que por sua vez influenciam na qualidade da estação chuvosa. Neste sentido, identificou-se em um acervo de 41 anos de dados de precipitação diária de 31 postos pluviométricos localizados sobre o Estado da Paraíba, os SCMs, afim de conhecer a influência do El Niño, La Niña e as fases do Dipolo de TSM no Atlântico Tropical (DTAT) sobre os sistemas precipitantes em mesoescala. Os SCMs são mais numerosos em anos de DTAT negativo e de El Niño. Porém, quando subtraídos os episódios fracos de El Niño, o número de sistemas se mantém abaixo dos observados em anos normais. Contudo, os SCMs são mais intensos nos episódios de DTAT e de La Niña quando comparado com anos normais.   A B S T R A C T Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) contribute substantially to the rainy season in the Northeast of Brazil. Variations in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic directly impact the intensity of MCSs which in turn influence the quality of the rainy season. In this sense, it is identified in a collection of 41 years of daily rainfall data from 31 rain gauge stations located on the State of Paraíba, the MCSs, in order to determine the influence of El Niño, La Niña and the phases of the SST Dipole Tropical Atlantic (DTAT) on the mesoscale precipitation systems. The MCSs are more numerous in years of negative DTAT and El Niño. However, when subtracted from the weak El Niño events, the number of systems remains below those observed in normal years. However, SCMs are more intense episodes of DTAT and La Niña compared to normal years.   Key word: convective system mesoscale, El Niño, La Niña, dipole phases  

scholarly journals Onset and end of the rainy season and corn yields in São Paulo State, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Franchito ◽  
V. Brahmananda Rao ◽  
M. A. Gan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
La Niña ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
La Nina ◽  
São Paulo State

En este estudio se investigaron las relaciones entre la temporada de lluvias y las cosechas de maíz en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los resultados mostraron que las cosechas de maíz y las precipitaciones se correlacionan fuertemente en una gran parte de la región, particularmente en la parte noreste, este, noroeste y oeste del estado (valores positivos superiores a 0.5 y significativos a un nivel de confianza de 95%). El análisis de las tendencias en la duración de la temporada de lluvias y la precipitación acumulada asociada, mostraba una tendencia a mayor volumen de precipitación y una más corta temporada de lluvias. Esto puede ser debido al calentamiento global. Aunque se correlacionan positivamente las cosechas de maíz y la lluvia, un aumento en el futuro de eventos de intensas lluvias puede conducir a deslizamientos de tierras, inundaciones y, en consecuencia, provocar daños a los cultivos. Durante el período 1970-2003 hubo un aumento de duración en la temporada de lluvias y en el volumen de precipitación en fuertes episodios de El Niño, mientras que en el caso de los eventos de La Niña la temporada de lluvias fue más corta y hubo una disminución de las precipitaciones. Los resultados de los estudios de caso, teniendo en cuenta El Niño 1997-98 y La Niña 1998-99 sugirieron que el aumento (disminución) de la duración de la temporada de lluvias durante el evento de El Niño (La Niña) está asociado con el aumento (disminución) de las cosechas de maíz en el estado de São Paulo. Se necesitan estudios adicionales con un récord de datos de los rendimientos de maíz mayor de 14 años y teniendo en cuenta otros episodios de El Niño/LaNiña para hacer una conexión convincente entre las cosechas de maíz y eventos ENOS en el estado de São Paulo.

scholarly journals Watershed-Based Rainfall variability and trends of extreme rainfall events in South East Awash Basin, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 5524-5530
Author(s):  
Yonas Tadesse Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Precipitation Distribution ◽  
Precipitation Concentration ◽  
Dire Dawa

This study presents analysis of Rainfall variability and trends of extreme rainfall events in the Oda Gunufeta -Cherecha -Dechatu watershed, Awash Drainage Basin, Eastern Ethiopia. The study employed the coefficient of variation and the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) as statistical descriptors of rainfall variability. The indices at the five stations were subjected to non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to detect the trend over the period between 1985 to 2014. The results of the study revealed that, the watershed experiences moderate inter-annual rainfall variability. The Belg rainfall shows high variability than Kiremt rainfall. Highest Belg & Kiremt rainfall variability is observed in Dire Dawa with coefficient of variation of 46% and 40% respectively. The annual PCI for the watershed in all the stations under investigation during the record periods showed that 100% of the years for which the annual PCI was estimated fell within the irregular precipitation distribution range or high precipitation concentration. The irregular precipitation distribution also extended to all the stations in short rainy season (Belg rainfall) and in two stations in the main rainy season (Kiremt season). With regard to the rainfall trend, the annual rainfall has showed a negative trend in most of the stations for the period 1985-2014. The Mann–Kendall trend test during the Kiremt season shows a positive trend in Dengego, Dire Dawa, Combolcha and Haramaya and the increasing tendency is significant at p<0.1 in Degego, p<0.05 in Dire Dawa, p <0.05 in Combolcha and p <0.01 in Haramaya. The heavy rainfall events, the 90th & 95th percentiles, in all the five stations showed an increasing pattern but except in Combolcha the trends are not statistically significant. This implies that the watershed has been under increased rainfall intensity and this in turn has the potential cause for high risk of flood occurrences.

scholarly journals El Niño-Southern oscillation and under-5 diarrhea in Botswana

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra K. Heaney ◽  
Jeffrey Shaman ◽  
Kathleen A. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
El Niño Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Nino Southern Oscillation ◽  
La Nina

AbstractChildhood diarrheal disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries, yet our ability to accurately predict diarrhea incidence remains limited. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been shown to affect diarrhea dynamics in South America and Asia. However, understanding of its effects in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of under-5 diarrhea is high, remains inadequate. Here we investigate the connections between ENSO, local environmental conditions, and childhood diarrheal disease in Chobe District, Botswana. Our results demonstrate that La Niña conditions are associated with cooler temperatures, increased rainfall, and higher flooding in the Chobe region during the rainy season. In turn, La Niña conditions lagged 0–5 months are associated with higher than average incidence of under-5 diarrhea in the early rainy season. These findings demonstrate the potential use of ENSO as a long-lead prediction tool for childhood diarrhea in southern Africa.

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