scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN MODEL GUIDED DISCOVERY BERBASIS KEGIATAN BIOMONITORING PARTISIPATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR TINGKAT TINGGI PADA MATERI PENCEMARAN AIR

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Mirna Yunik Citriana ◽  
Soetjipto Soetjipto ◽  
Raharjo Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Student Teaching ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Guided Discovery ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills

This research is conducted based on the unavailibility of the planning, process, and evaluation of learning which refers to the higher-order thinking skills as literacy needed to facilitate in twenty-first century science teaching and learning.  The purpose of the research is to develop a model of guided discovery learning through participatory biomonitoring activities to improve students' higher-order thinking skills on water pollution materials. The type of this research is development research which implemented in a grade VII at SMP Negeri 1 Deket Lamongan. The development of learning on package in the research carried out using 4-D model of Thiagarajan, wich consist of stages of development, namely: define, design, develop, without using disseminate stage. The result data from this research are: (1) the valid learning syllabus, lesson plans, student teaching materials, student worksheets, tests and assessment instruments, (2) the legibility of teaching materials and student worksheets show the excellent category, (3) feasibility of lesson plan syntax was considered good and reliable, (4) the understanding of the learning concept has been completed individually, classically, and indicators, (5) higher-order thinking skills of students’ can improved (6) the students’ activity showed successful and reliable, and (7) the students’ response to the learning activities were interested in they  feel something new, easy and interesting in using the model in teaching learning process. Based on the findings of this research it can be concluded that the matterial learning development of guided discovery models through participatory biomonitoring activities has feasibility, practically, and effectiveness of the good category  to use in and it could improve students higher-order thinking skills in the material of water pollution. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi belum tersedianya perencanaan, proses, dan evaluasi pembelajaran yang merujuk pada keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi sebagai literasi yang perlu dilatihkan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran sains abad dua puluh satu. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran model guided discovery berbasis kegiatan biomonitoring partisipatif untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa pada materi pencemaran air. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian pengembangan yang diimplementasikan di kelas VII di SMPN 1 Deket Lamongan. Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Model 4-D dari Thiagarajan, yang terdiri dari tahap-tahap: define, design, develop, tanpa menggunakan tahap disseminate. Data hasil penelitian adalah: (1) Silabus Pembelajaran, RPP, Materi Ajar Siswa, LKS, dan Instrumen Penilaian Tes memperoleh kategori valid, (2)  Pemahaman siswa terhadap Materi Ajar Siswa dan LKS menunjukkan kategori sangat baik, (3) keterlaksanaan  sintaks pada RPP dinilai baik dan reliabel, (4) secara individual dan indikator, hasil belajar pemahaman konsep telah tuntas, (5) keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa meningkat (6) aktivitas siswa dinyatakan baik dan reliabel, dan (7) respon siswa terhadap komponen-komponen pembelajaran adalah merasa ketertarikan, merasakan kebaharuan, kemudahan dan menyatakan keberminatan terhadap kegiatan pembelajaran.  Berdasarkan temuan pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran model guided discovery berbasis kegiatan biomonitoring partisipatif memiliki kelayakan, kepraktisan, dan efektivitas yang baik sehingga dapat digunakan dan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa pada materi pencemaran air.

scholarly journals Menumbuhkan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi melalui Open Ended Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 1008
Author(s):  
Apdwi Syaeruldinata ◽  
Abdur Rahman As’ari ◽  
Abadyo Abadyo
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Whole Class

<p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aimed to describe both process and result of the development of teaching materials used to enhance higher order thinking skills based on open ended problem and its products should be valid, effective and practice. This study adopted a 4D developmental model modified be 3D which comprises three stages: define, design, and develop. The results showed: (1) The teaching materials that have been develop declared valid with the mean score 3,30, lesson plan declared valid with the mean score 3,125, achievement test declared valid with the mean score 3,45, (2) effectiveness characterized by whole class achievement test mean score obtained 78,83, and whole class questionnaire mean score obtained 2,35, (3) practicality of teaching materials characterized by observation sheet mean score for whole observer obtained 3,6, and (4) using open ended problem significantly enhances students higher order thinking skills, as well as students justify effectiveness of several procedure that is followed by appropriate arguments, integrate different characteristic within it’s unity, also think creatively construct the problem themselves.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses dan hasil pengembangan perangkat ajar untuk menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi beracuan <em>open ended problem</em> yang valid, efektif, dan praktis. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian pengembangan menggunakan modifikasi model 4-D (four-D model) menjadi 3-D yang meliputi tahap penetapan (<em>define</em>), perancangan (<em>design</em>), dan pengembangan (<em>develop</em>). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) peragkat ajar yang dikembangkan valid dengan skor rerata 3,30 untuk bahan ajar; 3,125 untuk RPP; dan 3,45 untuk lembar tes hasil belajar, (2) perangkat ajar efektif ditandai dengan rerata skor tes hasil belajar seluruh siswa adalah 78,83, dan rerata skor respons keseluruhan siswa adalah 2,35 (3) bahan ajar praktis ditandai dengan rerata skor hasil observasi keterlaksanaan bahan ajar dari seluruh observer adalah 3,6, dan (4) penggunaan <em>open</em> <em>ended problem</em> memberi dampak yang signifikan dalam menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa. Siswa antara lain telah dapat menjustifikasi tingkat efektifitas dari beberapa alternatif prosedur yang ada disertai dengan argumentasi yang sesuai, siswa dapat mengaitkan unsur-unsur yang berlainan dalam sajian masalah dengan satu kesatuan strukturnya yang utuh dan mengorganisasikannya dalam menentukan penyelesaian, serta siswa berpikir kreatif ditandai dengan kemampuan mengonstruksi masalah sekaligus penyelesaiannya sendiri.

scholarly journals DEVELOPING TEACHING MATERIALS USING 5E MODEL OF INSTRUCTION TO INCREASE STUDENTS’ HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Lilik Mutrofin ◽  
Mohamad Nur ◽  
Leny Yuanita
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
State University ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
The One ◽  
D Model

The aims of this study were to develop teaching materials using 5E model of instruction to increase students’ higher order thinking skills and to describe their feasibility. The teaching materials (i.e. lesson plan, student worksheet, and higher order thinking skills test) were developed using 4-D model that was proposed by Thiagarajan, Semmel and Semmel. The subject of this study were the developed teaching materials that were tried out to undergraduate students of Biology Department, University of Muhamadiyah Surabaya (UMS) and undergraduate students of Chemistry Department, State University of Surabaya (UNESA). The developmental testing was designed using the one-group pretest and posttest design with three times replication. Additionally, each replication used about 15 undergraduate students. Data were collected using experts’ appraisal, observation, test, and questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively and descriptive qualitatively. The findings of this study indicated that the developed teaching materials were feasible. They were valid according to experts’ appraisal, and they were practice and effective to be implemented in the classroom. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar menggunakan model pembelajaran 5E untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berfikir tingkat tinggi siswa serta mendeskripsikan kelayakan bahan ajar tersebut. Bahan ajar dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan  model 4-D yang diusulkan oleh Thiagarajan, Semmel dan Semmel. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah bahan ajar yang telah dikembangkan dan diuji cobakan kepada mahasiswa tahun pertama angkatan 2014 di Jurusan Biologi, Universitas Muhamadiyah Surabaya (UMS) dan di Jurusan Kimia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya (UNESA). Desain penelitian yang digunakan ketika uji coba bahan ajar adalah one-group pretest and posttest dengan replikasi sebanyak tiga kali. Selain itu, untuk setiap replikasi menggunakan sekitar 15 mahasiswa. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan penilaian ahli, observasi, tes, dan kuesioner serta dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Penemuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bahan ajar yang dikembangkan memenuhi kriteria kelayakan, yaitu valid menurut pendapat para ahli, praktis dan efektif ketika diuji cobakan di dalam kelas.

scholarly journals Perangkat pembelajaran matematika bercirikan PBL untuk mengembangkan HOTS siswa SMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edi Susanto ◽  
Heri Retnawati
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Mathematics Teaching ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Assessment Sheet

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika bercirikan problem-based learning (PBL) yang valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk mengembangkan higher order thinking skills (HOTS) siswa SMA kelas X semester 2 berupa: rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) dan lembar kegiatan siswa (LKS) yang dilengkapi instrumen tes hasil belajar. Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D dari Thiagarajan dengan empat tahapan, yaitu: pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran. Uji coba dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu: uji coba ahli, uji coba terbatas, dan uji coba lapangan. Subjek uji coba dalam penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa yang dipilih dari dua sekolah. Instrumen yang digunakan terdiri atas lembar validasi, penilaian guru, penilaian siswa, dan instrumen tes hasil belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat yang dikembangkan telah memenuhi aspek validitas, kepraktisan, dan keefektifan.(1) Hasil validitas menunjukkan bahwa RPP dan LKS yang dikembangkan pada kategori valid dengan indeks Aiken pada RPP sebesar 0,69 dan LKS sebesar 0,70. (2) Hasil uji coba terbatas menunjukkan perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan pada kategori praktis. (3) Hasil uji coba lapangan menunjukkan perangkat pembelajaran efektif ditinjau dari HOTS siswa dengan persentase ketuntasan secara klasikal subjek uji coba lebih dari 75%.Kata Kunci: pengembangan, perangkat pembelajaran matematika, problem-based learning, higher order thinking skills Mathematics teaching kits based on PBL to develop hots of senior high school students  AbstractThis research is aimed at developing mathematics teaching kit based on problem-based learning which is valid, practical, and effective to develop the higher order thinking of grade X students senior high school in their second semester, which consists of lesson plan and students’ worksheet with test instrument. The research development used the model adapted from 4-D model developed by Thiagarajan with employing steps: defining, planning, developing, and disseminating. The tryout is conducted three steps: expert validation, limited tryout, and field tryout. The tryout subjects were teachers and students from two schools. The instruments used in this research were validation sheet, teacher’s assessment sheet, student’s assessment sheet, and test. The result of the research shows that the developed mathematics teaching kitbased on problem-based learning has met the aspect of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. (1) The result of validation shows that the lesson plan and the students’ worksheet are chategorized as valid with the Aiken analysis showing the index for the lesson plan has achieved 0.69 and the 0.70 for the students’ worksheet. (2) teh result of limited tryout shows that the developed of mathematics teaching kit is practical. (3) the result of field tryout shows that the developed of mathematics teaching is effective interm students’s HOTS with percentage of clasisical mastery subjects reached 75%.Keywords: development, mathematics teaching kit, problem-based learning, higher order thinking skills

scholarly journals Improving higher-order thingking skill through POE (Predict, Observe, Explain) and guided discovery learning models

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Witriyani Suryamiati ◽  
Adi Pasah Kahar ◽  
Anandita Eka Setiadi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Guided Discovery ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

The low level of students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) has been the main problem of education in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the difference of students’ HOTS taught by using POE and Guided Discovery learning models. This quasi-experimental research involved 34 students of X IPA 3 and 32 students of X IPA 4 at SSHS 1 of Sungai Ambawang as the sample. The data obtained by using test which was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed that the students’ HOTS who were treated with POE were significantly higher than those who were taught using Guided Discovery learning. Therefore, it is suggested to implement POE to improve students’ HOTS.

Facilitating Reflective Teaching

2009 ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Ed Powell
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Classroom Practices ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Guided Discovery ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Development Tool

This account of a research project explores postgraduate in-service teachers’ understanding and facilitation of active learning in primary, secondary and higher education in the United Kingdom. Qualitative data were elicited from six teachers during 2003-2004 using video-stimulated reflective dialogues of classroom practices illustrative of active learning. Outcomes of 18 dialogues have been taped, transcribed and analysed. The dialogues have begun to reveal teachers’ thinking, feelings and actions as facilitators of active learning. Findings, which are presented as case studies, indicate that teachers associate active learning, among other things, with learner autonomy, empowerment, developing higher order thinking skills and cooperative group activities. Increasingly, teachers devolve the locus of control of learning to their learners with appropriate guidance, monitoring and interventions. Classroom practices reflect an emphasis on discourse between learners and with teachers, guided discovery learning and learning as an essentially social process. The evidence suggests that video-stimulated reflective dialogues are an effective method for revealing teachers’ tacit knowledge about their pedagogy. Video-stimulated reflective dialogues emerge as a highly effective professional development tool which can enhance teachers’ career progression as they acquire and apply sophisticated higher order thinking skills in relation to their pedagogies.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) Bermuatan Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Miftahul Qoiriah ◽  
Ira Vahlia ◽  
Rina Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
Mathematic Education ◽  
Group Trial

This study aims to determine the validity and practicality of RME teaching materials containing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) on straight line equations in class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Kotagajah. This type of research is development research that uses the 4-D development model, while the stages are Define, Design (Planning), Develop (Development), and Disseminate (Spread) but this stage is not used. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire. The practicality test was carried out online. Validation of material experts was carried out by two validators, and the results obtained were 81.31% with very valid criteria. design expert validation was carried out by two validators, and the results obtained were 76.02% or were in the valid criteria. The small group trial was conducted by 7 students, and the results of the small group trial were 79.3% or were in practical criteria. Based on the validation process and the small group trial process, RME teaching materials containing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) on straight line equations material for class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Kotagajah are declared valid and practical.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS BUKU AJAR BERBASIS HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) PADA MATERI ELASTISITAS DAN HUKUM HOOKE SISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI TUGUMULYO TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Novitasari S
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Hooke's Law ◽  
Academic Year

This study aims to determine the learning outcomes of class XI students in Tugumulyo State Senior High School 2018/2019 Academic Year after using the physics-based teaching material of elasticity and hooke’s law and to find out the students response to learning using the higher order thinking skills approach to elasticity and hooke’s law material of class XI students at Public High School Tugumulyo 2018/2019 Academic Year. The population of this study were all students of class XI and the subject of this study consisted of 34 students of class XI IPA 5 of State Senior High School Tugumulyo. Data collection is done by questionnaires, tests, and observations. The overall percentage of teaching material components was 79,24% (very good). The percentage of student responses to higher order thinking skills -based teaching materials is 76,53% (very good). In addition, from the results of daily test tests, the effectiveness percentage of 88.89% (very good) of students who scored above 70 out of 10 test items. The value of t count> t table with the value of t count = 2,13and t table = 1,697. So that the use of higher order thinking skills -based teaching materials can be said to be valid, practical and effective.  

scholarly journals Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran matematika berbasis open-ended approach untuk mengembangkan HOTS siswa SMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernawati Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Teacher Assessment ◽  
School Students ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika berupa Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), Petunjuk Kegiatan Siswa (PKS), dan Tes Ketercapaian Kompetensi (TKK) berbasis open-ended approach yang layak dalam mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi pada siswa SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang terdiri atas 3 tahap utama, yaitu pendahuluan, desain produk, dan pengembangan dan evaluasi. Subjek uji coba penelitian yaitu 105 siswa, seorang guru SMAN 1 Barabai, seorang guru SMAN 2 Barabai, dan seorang guru SMAN 8 Barabai. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah lembar validasi, lembar penilaian guru, lembar penilaian siswa, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan kegiatan pembelajaran, dan TKK. Penelitian ini menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika berupa RPP dan PKS dengan kriteria valid, praktis, dan efektif dalam mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi pada siswa, serta TKK yang telah memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis, dan reliabel.Kata Kunci: pengembangan, perangkat pembelajaran, keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi Math learning software development based open-ended approach to develop HOTS in high school students AbstractThis study aimed to produce a mathematics kitwhich were lesson plan, student activities manual (SAM), and the competency achievement tests (CAT) that was able to develop students higher order thinking skills in senior high school. This research was a development research which consists of 3 main stages, namely preliminary, product desain, development and evaluation. The tryout subjects of research were 105 students, one teacher of SMAN 1 Barabai, one teacher of SMAN 2 Barabai, and one teacher of SMAN 8 Barabai. The research instrument used was a validation sheet, teacher assessment sheet, student assessment sheets, feasibility observation sheets of learning activities, and CAT. This study resulted the mathematics learning kit in the form lesson plan and SAM meets the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness which were able to develop higher order thinking skills, and CAT meets the criteria of validity, practically, and reliable.Keywords: development, learning kit, higher order thinking skills 

scholarly journals Environmental Learning based on Higher Order Thinking Skills: A Needs Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilmi Zajuli Ichsan ◽  
Diana Vivanti Sigit ◽  
Mieke Miarsyah
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Environmental Learning ◽  
Media Learning ◽  
The University ◽  
Descriptive Method

Environmental learning at the school and university levels, often still uses conventional learning. This is a problem, considering the ability of students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is very necessary for the 21st century. The purpose of this study is to do need assessment on learning media, teaching materials, learning materials, worksheets, and learning evaluations used in the learning environment in schools and universities. The study was conducted from November 2017 - January 2019 at several schools in Bekasi and one university in Jakarta. The research method used is descriptive method with data collection techniques using observation and interviews. The results showed that media learning, teaching materials, learning materials, students worksheets, and learning evaluations at various levels were not all based on HOTS. HOTS-based learning has been applied at the university level and senior high school but is still rarely used. This is due to the lack of development in environmental learning. The conclusion of this study is that environmental learning is not all HOTS-based.

scholarly journals The Development of Teaching Materials for the Principles of Nonformal Education Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills on The Subject of Tasks and Population Goals of Non Formal Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-386
Author(s):  
Yusnadi Yusnadi ◽  
Rosdiana Rosdiana ◽  
Anifah Anifah
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Nonformal Education ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Material Development ◽  
The Subject

This research aims at generating: (1) the procedure of teaching material development (handbook) for the principles of nonformal education based on higher order thinking skills on the subject of population and education goals non formal education, and (2) the teaching materials for the principle of nonformal education based on higher order thinking skills on the Subject of Population and education goals that was valid to be used in learning process. With this purpose, the research was conducted using research and development methods. This research was held for 3 months at the Faculty of Education, Medan State University. The data was collected through a survey that was constructed by the appraisement of teaching materials for the principles of nonformal education based on higher order thinking skills from validator experts, language experts, instructional experts and students. The data was analyzed using descriptive-quantitative approach. The results of this research were (1) the procedure of teaching material development for the principles of nonformal education based on higher order thinking skills were valid to be used, and (2) The teaching materials of the principles of nonformal education were valid to be used in learning process for the subject of the principles of nonformal education.

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