DISCOURSE MARKERS USED BY STUDENTS IN NONFORMAL EDUCATION

It is very common to acknowledge that in order to achieve a good communication, discourse markers are needed as one of a tool to perform in linking the ideas to ideas, especially in spoken language, it’s really helpful in guiding the speakers and listeners to comprehend what is being discussed or talked. There are several studies has been discussed about what discourse markers are especially in spoken language, but in this research, the realization of discourse markers is the aim of the study. The data source of this research were students in Harford Institute Sekip Branch, there were 16 students taken from 4 different levels and they were taken by using purposive sampling. The data were the words from their utterances which contains of discourse markers which were collected by using audio recorder. And the research was done by applying descriptive qualitative method. The result revealed that there are 3 realizations based on the position found in Discourse Markers, they are at the boundary (Initial), after the first word (Middle) and later (Final), where initial discourse markers appeared as the most dominant one. It is proved that the discourse marker realized in the Initial position to signal upcoming information, since discourse markers has the essential function to connect or link ideas to the ideas or even as a pause in the speech. Keywords: Discourse Markers, Students Interactions, NonformalEducation

Development and Initial Validation of the Nonparticipation in Nonformal Education Questionnaire

Nonformal adult education (NFE) provides adults with the opportunity to obtain competences needed to adapt to today’s changing job market. Despite the well-documented positive effects of NFE, there remains a lack of valid research instruments to assess factors of nonparticipation. Specifically, defining the perspectives of social groups with the highest incidence of barriers and the lowest level of participation in NFE has not been a primary research goal. This study describes the development and initial validation of a novel research tool entitled the Nonparticipation in Nonformal Education Questionnaire (NP-NFE-Q). The analysis covers the use of the NP-NFE-Q on a representative sample of the adult population ( n = 878) as well as three additional cohorts: low-educated workers ( n = 227), persons caring for children under the age of three ( n = 227), and retired persons ( n = 232). The results consistently support the validation of a correlated five-factor model, which includes two situational, one institutional and two dispositional factors.

Проучване потребностите на студенти педагози от подготовка за реализиране на свързаността „формално – неформално образование“

The article presents a survey of pegagogy students’ training needs for realisation of the connectivity “formal – non-formal education”, in response to the current challenges to education in our country. It is accepted that education is a systemic object, functioning on the basis of the relationships between its constituent formal and non-formal subsystems. The connectivity of the subsystems through the applying of two key paradigms is presented argumentatively: (1) a connectivity as a whole and a continuum and (2) a connectivity such as sharing and interdependence. This connectivity is measurable in complementarity, compensatory support, mutual support and mutual corrective. To determine pegagogy students’ training needs for realisation of the connectivity “formal – non-formal education”, a survey was conducted in the period May – July of the academic year 2020/2021, with 96 respondents from the St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo – Vratsa Branch and Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, which constitute a general sample. The study focuses on the connectivity between formal and nonformal education at the following levels: normative level, content level, activity level and level “results of activity”. The data collection tool is a structured questionnaire with closed-ended items, developed by the author and provided to the respondents via an access link. Based on the survey data, it should be summarized that students have needs for realistion of the connectivity “formal – non-formal education” in each of the levels and to the connectivity as a whole. And just the connection “formal – non-formal education” is what will contribute to overcoming the deficits in modern education, as an essence and manifestation in the aspects of goals, content, activities, results.

Oбразованието като индивидуален проект

The article discusses the peculiarities of the attitudes and expectations of students and parents about the impact of various extracurricular activities on individual educational development in the period of schooling. The influence of nonformal education on the development of students in formal education is analyzed through their view. The study was conducted through a semi-structured interview. 34 students, 32 parents and 15 teachers were interviewed. The successful influences and the existing barriers and limitations that prevent the realization of the positive effects of the connection of formal and non-formal education in the achievement of education as an individualized project are discussed

Гражданско образование и активност на студентите – между формалното и неформалното (във и извън аудитория) – педагогически паралели и проекции

The article aims to present the results of a study with students, dedicated to the connections and dependencies between formal and non-formal education. On the basis of the research, intersections and complementarities and discrepancies and deficits are outlined; the genesis of civic culture in the subjects; the challenges facing civic education and the connection between formal and nonformal education, incl. with a focus on real civic activity of students

За перспективите и предизвикателствата пред „приобщаването“ на неформалното образование в лоното на образователните системи

The article, based on the meta-analysis of leading current research, policies and practices, formulates and argues the author's position regarding possible strategic perspectives and challenges to the connectivity between formal and nonformal education. Two main lines of this convergence are analysed. One line is a consequence of the expanding scope of formal education systems and the other is related to the multiparadigm and flexible applicability of their connectivity, which seek opportunities to modernise traditional school and university practices to better cope with their new functions. Some underlying challenges that hamper authentic relationships between formal and non-formal education, are also analysed. In conclusion some expected long-term benefits of their joint and related dynamics are formulated

Изследване на взаимодействието между формалното и неформалното здравно образование

The article presents the results of a survey of personal opinions towards the interaction between formal and informal approaches and practices for complex health (incl. environmental and physical) education. Aiming to cover a wider range of individual exchanges and experiences, two parallel respondent groups were addressed: students in pedagogical and social professional fields (pedagogy, nonformal education, social activities), on the one hand, and pedagogical and sociopedagogical specialists employed inside and outside the formal education system, on the other. The analysis of the survey data proves the significant place and role of convergence of formal and non-formal education for successful and sustainable personal development and realization for the two groups of persons surveyed, but also outlined some specific dividing lines in their experiments and positions.

Peran Pamong Belajar: Studi Naturalistik terhadap Pamong Belajar dalam Melaksanakan Layanan Program Pendidikan Non Formal

Research purpose for: 1)Describe the role of tutors in implementing nonformal education programs, 2)Describe the tutors education qualifications, 3) Identify the tutors obstacles in carrying out their duties and functions. The type of research used is qualitative naturalistic research. The research subjects were tutors and leader of the Center for Early Childhood Education Development and Community Education in East Kalimantan Province. Data collection techniques used observation, interview,and documentation studies. The data analysis technique used is the interactive model analysis of Miles and Huberman namely data reduction, data display, and verification. The research results: 1)The role of tutors in providing nonformal education service can be seen from their exsistence in carrying out their duties and functions, namely as educators, program reviewers, and model developers. The tutors education qualifications are in accordance with the minimum standard of academic qualifications, namely undergraduate and postgraduate. 3)The obstacles for tutors are: a)Inadequate facilities and infrastructure to carry out the duties and functions of the institution, b)The head of the center has not provided maximum direction regarding the duties and functions of the tutors, c)Proposing a credit score for tutors is difficult, d)Lack of equal opportunities for tutors to be involved in various activities.

Hubungan Karakteristik Petani dengan Tingkat Adopsi Inovasi Pembuatan Bokashi dari Limbah Ternak Sapi

This study aims to analyse the relationship between farmers characteristics and the level of adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency. This study was conducted in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency. The study’s method using survey methods with quantitative descriptive data analysis. Sample determination according Arikunto (2012) that samples are 25% from population. Determination of sample use Simple Random Sampling technique and sampling of this study are 49 people. Independent variable is farmer’s characteristics (include age, formal education, nonformal education, experience, land area and income) and the dependent variable is the adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste. Data analysis using Spearman Rank correlation test to determine the relationship between farmers characteristics and the level of farmers adoption in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste. The result showed that the level of adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency is low. Farmers characteristics which have significant related to the adoption in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste are age, formal education, nonformal education and experience. Keywords: Adoption, Inovation, Farmer characteristics, Bokashi fertilizer

Pelatihan Literasi Digital Pada Sekolahrumah Salihah Yogyakarta: Animasi, Poster Digital, Video Dan Gim

Young people could learn and use technology in formal, informal and nonformal education effortlessly. As a legal nonformal education, homeschooling programs become more popular because the programs demonstrate some advantages, such as customized learning materials, personalized learning methods, and flexible learning schedules. However, some homeschooling communities face several problems related to digital literacy skill because of lack of teachers’ capacity and tools. To support digital literacy, a series of training has been conducted for teachers and students at Salihah Homeschool, Yogyakarta. It consisted of training of modern computer technology for teachers and multimedia training for students and parents. The second training taught students on how to make digital posters, videos, animations, and games related to Covid-19 pandemic. Survey showed half of the students were happy with the training activities. Furthermore, the most preferred lessons were animation and digital posters, while game and video tutorials were perceived difficult. Nevertheless, student participation showed a declining trend since the second day of training. Moreover, some parents expressed happiness with the training contents, but there were also parents who found difficulty as the parents were novice users. It implies future efforts to promote positive awareness of the ease of using IT and continuous monitoring to improve digital literacy.