scholarly journals Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection: an all-Ireland case-control study

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Danis ◽  
M Di Renzi ◽  
W O’Neill ◽  
B Smyth ◽  
P McKeown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Control Study

We report the findings of the first case-control study conducted in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to determine risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections. A total of 197 cases and 296 case-nominated controls matched for age, were included. Based on Population Attributable Fraction (PAF), the most important risk factors were consuming chicken [adjusted matched (am) OR 6.8; 95%CI 2.1-21.9], consuming lettuce (amOR 3.3; 95%CI 1.5-7.1) and eating in takeaways (amOR=3.1; 95%CI 1.4-6.6). Contact with sheep (amOR=11; 95%CI 1.6-78), peptic ulcer (amOR=19; 95%CI 3.8-93.7), hiatus hernia (amOR=20.3; 95%CI 2.3-183.3), lower bowel problems (amOR=4.5; 95%CI 1.2-16.8) were also independently associated with infection. Mains water supply showed protective effect (amOR=0.2; 95 CI 0.1-0.9). The findings highlight the continued need for consumer food safety education and further control measures throughout the food chain on the island of Ireland.

scholarly journals The pandemic of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 reaches Utah: a complex investigation confirms the need for continuing rigorous control measures

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SOBEL ◽  
A. B. HIRSHFELD ◽  
K. McTIGUE ◽  
C. L. BURNETT ◽  
S. ALTEKRUSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Complex Investigation ◽  
First Case ◽  
Control Study

In 1995, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) cases in the state of Utah increased fivefold. Isolates were identified as phage type 4 (PT4). Risk factors and sources of infection were investigated in two case-control studies, a traceback of implicated foods, and environmental testing. Forty-three patients with sporadic infections and 86 controls were included in a case-control study of risk factors for infection. A follow-up case-control study of 25 case and 19 control restaurants patronized by case and control patients examined risks associated with restaurant practices. In the first case-control study, restaurant dining was associated with illness (P = 0·002). In the follow-up case-control study, case restaurants were likelier to use > 2000 eggs per week (P < 0·02), to pool eggs (P < 0·05), and to use eggs from cooperative ‘A’ (P < 0·009). Eggs implicated in separately investigated SE PT4 outbreaks were traced to cooperative ‘A’, and SE PT4 was cultured from one of the cooperative's five local farms. We conclude that SE PT4 transmitted by infected eggs from a single farm caused a fivefold increase in human infections in Utah.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus, anti-secretory drugs and other risk factors for campylobacter gastro-enteritis in adults: a case-control study

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. NEAL ◽  
R. C. B. SLACK
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Foreign Travel ◽  
Drinking Milk ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Control Study

The epidemiology of notified cases of campylobacter gastroenteritis in adults in Nottingham Health District was investigated using a case-control study with a postal questionnaire to ascertain data on risk factors. Over a 14-month period 531 cases (a 73% response rate of all laboratory confirmed cases) and 512 controls replied.Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent associations with infection. These included foreign travel (odds ratio (OR) 3·4; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2·0–5·7), diabetes mellitus (OR 4·1, CI 1·1–17), medication with omeprazole (OR 3·5, CI 1·1–12) and H2 and H2 antagonists (OR 3·7, CI 1·3–15), contact with puppies (OR11·3, CI1·2–105), eating chicken (OR 1·4, CI 1·1–1·8) and drinking milk from bottles with tops damaged by a bird (OR 3·3, CI 1·0–11). Preparing main meals (OR 0·9, CI 0·8–1·0) and drinking delivered milk (OR 0·6, CI 0·4–0·9) were associated with a reduced risk of campylobacter infection.Foreign travel was reported in 25% of cases and another 15% had significant associations with other risk factors. The majority of cases, 60%, remained unexplained, indicating the need for further evolution of sporadic cases.

scholarly journals Risk factors for campylobacter infection in infants and young children: a matched case-control study

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. TENKATE ◽  
R. J. STAFFORD
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Campylobacter infection has one of the highest rates of all the notifiable diseases in Australia, with a peak in children aged 0–35 months. A matched case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for campylobacter infection for children in this age group. Eighty-one cases and 144 controls were enrolled in the study that was conducted between 24 January 1996 and 21 January 1997. The following risk factors were found to be independently associated with illness: ownership of pet puppies (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 16·58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3·73–73·65) and pet chickens (OR 11·80, CI 1·37–101·75), and consumption of mayonnaise (OR 4·13, CI 1·61–10·59). We propose that children aged less than 3 years are at risk of campylobacter infection if residing in a household which has puppies or chickens as pets.

scholarly journals Traditional and Commercial Alcohols as Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Alexandra Keir ◽  
Geoffrey Buckle ◽  
Larry Akoko ◽  
William Mgisha ◽  
Julius Mwaiselage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
First Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Control Study

PURPOSE Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers in East Africa; however, risk factors that underly the high incidence in this region are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to specific alcohol subtypes and EC in Tanzania. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of data from a hospital-based, case-control study conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Cases of EC were identified between 2014 and 2016. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for gender and age (± 10 years). Interviews were conducted using a survey with culturally relevant and context-specific questions on alcohol and smoking exposure. Conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate specific associations of potential exposures and EC. RESULTS A total of 473 EC cases and 473 controls were enrolled. Alcohol consumption was reported in 61% and 64% of cases and controls, respectively. Neither ‘current use of alcohol (any type)’, nor ‘ever use’ were associated with EC; however, local brew consumption was associated with increased EC risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.66; P < .01). Increased risk was observed with consumption of gongo (OR, 2.91), komoni (OR, 2.41), wanzuki (OR, 2.40), kindi (OR, 3.13), and kangara (OR, 2.86). Smoking increased EC risk; however, it did not significantly modify the association between EC and alcohol subtypes. CONCLUSION This is the first case-control study to report a detailed analysis of alcohol exposures as a potential risk factor for EC in Tanzania. Although combined measures of alcohol use were not found to be associated with EC, several types of locally brewed alcohols emerged as risk factors. Additional research is needed to investigate these findings and examine the carcinogenic role of ingredients and/or contaminants, as well as any interactions with other putative risk factors in this region.

scholarly journals Predictors for vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium transforming from colonization to infection: a case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pao-Yu Chen ◽  
Yu-Chung Chuang ◽  
Jann-Tay Wang ◽  
Wang-Huei Sheng ◽  
Yee-Chun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Surveillance Culture ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Little is known about risk factors for subsequent infections among vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) colonizers, especially characterized by concordant pulsotypes (CP) of paired colonization and infection-related isolates. Methods This case-control study was conducted at a teaching hospital between 2011 and 2014. Targeted patients received active surveillance culture for VREfm by anal swabs at admission. Cases were those who developed VREfm infection within 180 days after colonization of VREfm. Controls were those colonized with VREfm without subsequent VREfm infection. CP were defined by similarities ≥86.7% using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis between paired colonization and infection-related isolates. Results Ninety-seven cases and 194 controls were enrolled. By conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis, the risk factors for subsequent infection among VREfm colonizers were intensive care unit (ICU) admission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 9.32; 95% CI, 3.61–24.02), receipt of central venous catheters (CVC) (aOR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.30–8.82), and utilization of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (aOR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.79–9.20, and aOR, 5.32; 95% CI, 1.85– 10.29, respectively) (all P ≤ 0.01). Fifty-six (57.7%) of case patients belonged to the CP group, which were associated with ICU admission (aOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.38–10.13), and infection developing within 30 days after colonization (aOR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.25–8.91). Conclusions Among VREfm colonizers, being admitted to ICU and receiving CVC or broad spectrum cephalosporins, were the risk factors for subsequent infections. These findings highlight the importance of conducting more strict infection control measures on specific groups of VREfm colonizers.

scholarly journals Another dengue fever outbreak in Eastern Ethiopia—An emerging public health threat

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0008992
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Asefa Gutu ◽  
Alemayehu Bekele ◽  
Yimer Seid ◽  
Yusuf Mohammed ◽  
Fekadu Gemechu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Control Study

Background Dengue Fever (DF) is a viral disease primarily transmitted by Aedes (Ae.) aegypti mosquitoes. Outbreaks in Eastern Ethiopia were reported during 2014–2016. In May 2017, we investigated the first suspected DF outbreak from Kabridahar Town, Somali region (Eastern Ethiopia) to describe its magnitude, assess risk factors, and implement control measures. Methods Suspected DF cases were defined as acute febrile illness plus ≥2 symptoms (headache, fever, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, or hemorrhage) in Kabridahar District residents. All reported cases were identified through medical record review and active searches. Severe dengue was defined as DF with severe organ impairment, severe hemorrhage, or severe plasma leakage. We conducted a neighborhood-matched case-control study using a subset of suspected cases and conveniently-selected asymptomatic community controls and interviewed participants to collect demographic and risk factor data. We tested sera by RT-PCR to detect dengue virus (DENV) and identify serotypes. Entomologists conducted mosquito surveys at community households to identify species and estimate larval density using the house index (HI), container index (CI) and Breteau index (BI), with BI≥20 indicating high density. Results We identified 101 total cases from May 12–31, 2017, including five with severe dengue (one death). The attack rate (AR) was 17/10,000. Of 21 tested samples, 15 (72%) were DENV serotype 2 (DENV 2). In the case-control study with 50 cases and 100 controls, a lack of formal education (AOR [Adjusted Odds Ratio] = 4.2, 95% CI [Confidence Interval] 1.6–11.2) and open water containers near the home (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.5) were risk factors, while long-lasting insecticide treated-net (LLITN) usage (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.79) was protective. HI and BI were 66/136 (49%) and 147 per 100 homes (147%) respectively, with 151/167 (90%) adult mosquitoes identified as Ae. aegypti. Conclusion The epidemiologic, entomologic, and laboratory investigation confirmed a DF outbreak. Mosquito indices were far above safe thresholds, indicating inadequate vector control. We recommended improved vector surveillance and control programs, including best practices in preserving water and disposal of open containers to reduce Aedes mosquito density.

scholarly journals Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-1) Infection among Iranian Blood Donors: First Case-Control Study on the Risk Factors

Viruses ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 5736-5745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hedayati-Moghaddam ◽  
Farahnaz Tehranian ◽  
Maryam Bayati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Type I ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Giardiasis and Parasite Assemblages in North West England

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 3133-3140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrado Minetti ◽  
Kenneth Lamden ◽  
Caroline Durband ◽  
John Cheesbrough ◽  
Katherine Platt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
North West ◽  
First Case ◽  
Infectious Gastroenteritis ◽  
Control Study

Giardia duodenalisis a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, and it is diversified into eight genetic assemblages (A to H), which are distinguishable only by molecular typing. There is some evidence that the assemblages infecting humans (assemblages A and B) may have different transmission routes, but systematically acquired data, combining epidemiological and molecular findings, are required. We undertook a case-control study withGiardiagenotyping in North West England, to determine general and parasite assemblage-specific risk factors. For people without a history of foreign travel, swimming in swimming pools and changing diapers were the most important risk factors for the disease. People infected with assemblage B reported a greater number of symptoms and higher frequencies of vomiting, abdominal pain, swollen stomach, and loss of appetite, compared with people infected with assemblage A. More importantly, keeping a dog was associated only with assemblage A infections, suggesting the presence of a potential zoonotic reservoir for this assemblage. This is the first case-control study to combine epidemiological data withGiardiagenotyping, and it shows the importance of integrating these two levels of information for better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen.

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