scholarly journals THE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES OF APPLE TREE ROOT SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Sergey Mikhailovich Vasiliev ◽  
Andrey Sergeevich Shtanko ◽  
Yakov Evgenievich Udovidchenko
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Forecasting Techniques

 The developed method allows predicting the basic morphometric parameters of the root systems of zoned apple trees for the studied conditions of their growth with an accuracy of 80–85%.   The methodology and structure of the calculated dependencies can be used to develop appropriate recommendations on determining the geometric parameters of the root systems of the studied plants and for other tree stock-graft combinations of perennial woody plants cultivated in similar and other climatic conditions.

PECULIARITIES OF APPLE- TREE FRUIT- BEARING IN GROVELING CROP IN THE SOUTHERN PREDBAIKALIA CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
М. А. Rachenko
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
National Selection ◽  
Frost Free Period

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the peculiarities of fruiting apple varieties cultivated under the conditions of the Southern Baikal region in creeping culture. The object of the study was the large-fruited apple trees of various breeding stations and national selection. Planting material for the collection site was grown in equal agrotechnical and climatic conditions. Two-year old seedlings were used as stocks (for standard grafting in low shtamb). The harvest was taken into account (by weight) from each tree of the studied variety after three years of European and American varieties of apple trees into fruiting introduction. Conducted a preliminary quantitative accounting of the crop. Noted the minimum and maximum productivity from a tree of each grade. It is shown that only the maximum snow cover contributed to a full-fledged laying of fruit formations. Only the fruits of summer apple trees corresponded to the pomological description of the variety. Some varieties of the autumn and especially winter ripening period lost the brightness of the color and the size of the fruit, while maintaining high taste. Many varieties had a shorter storage period. The reason for this can be considered the influence of the peculiarities of the Siberian summer, namely, the insufficient length of the frost-free period and the sum of positive temperatures that the stanza culture is not able to fully overcome.

scholarly journals Evaluation of interaction in the system "genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree - habitat" at temperature stresses of the summer period in the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
I. A. Dragavtseva ◽  
I. L. Efimova ◽  
A. V. Klyukina
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
New Records ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Tree Habitat ◽  
Generative Organs

The yield of fruit crops depends significantly on the climatic conditions of growing. High-temperature stresses of the summer growing season can lead to a decrease or even death of the crop. In the Krasnodar Territory, more and more new records of the onset of high temperatures are observed in the summer months, when the average daily temperature exceeds the climatic norm by 4-7 degrees. The purpose of the study is to study the sustainability of apple tree trips for summer high-temperature stresses, an assessment of the interaction in the system "Genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree-habitat" in the conditions of a changing climate, as well as identifying the rootstocks that are most adapted to the soil-climatic conditions of the South of Russia. The relevance of the work is due to the enhancement of harmfulness of high-temperature stresses during the passage of the most important stage of laying the generative organs of the future harvest and ripening the current. An assessment of the drought-resistance of the apple trees in conditions of an elevated temperature background was carried out. Apple tree Prikubanskoy cultivar on semi-dwarf rootstock CK 2 and dwarf rootstock M 9 and CK 7, had the greatest leaf boom and their better water-holding ability. The most productive were the trees on the M 9 and SK 7 stocks. In the trees on the semi-dwarf stocks, the highest and steadily growing yield was on the SK 2 stock. Consequently, the implementation of genetic-physiological systems of adaptability of drought-resistant briefings determined the level of yields of the graft trees of the apple tree. The use of apple trees with a high biopotential of resistance to abiotic stress is an element of biologized compensation for the damaging effect of climatic stressors in the ecologized technology for the production of gardening products.

scholarly journals DECORATIVE FORMS OF THE HYBRID APPLE TREE (MALUS HYBRIDA) IN THE LANDSCAPING PLANTINGS OF YEKATERINBURG

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
А.П. Кожевников ◽  
Р.В. Егоров
Keyword(s):  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Urban Conditions

Яблоня гибридная (M. hybrida) объединяет гибриды и сорта на основе яблони Недзвецкого с необычной формой кроны, окраской цветков, листьев и плодов. Для расширения ассортимента озеленительных посадок Екатеринбурга необходим районированный посадочный материал с низким или средним уровнем изменчивости фенотипических признаков цветения и плодоношения. Цель работы – отбор форм яблони гибридной в озеленительных посадках Екатеринбурга по качественным и количественным признакам лепестков венчиков, цветков и плодов. На 15 объектах озеленения у ценных в селекционном отношении форм яблони определены длина и ширина лепестков венчика. На 11 объектах у отборных особей яблони установлены диаметр, масса, форма, цвет плодов и длина плодоножки. Уровень изменчивости фенотипических признаков декоративных таксонов яблони оценивался по эмпирической шкале уровней изменчивости. При отборе образцов яблони наиболее декоративными считаются особи с ярким и продолжительным цветением. Разнообразные форма и цвет плодов позволяют декоративным таксонам яблони быть привлекательными более длительное время. У исследуемых нами внутривидовых форм окраска лепестков венчика варьирует от бело-розового до темно-пурпурного. Средний уровень эндогенной изменчивости по ширине и длине лепестков венчика указывает на устойчивость форм яблони гибридной к условиям города по данным фенотипическим признакам. Повышенный уровень изменчивости массы плодов у некоторых форм указывает на нестабильность данного признака в условиях города, что приводит к отсутствию в плодах семян, их недоброкачественности или низкой всхожести. Перспективные по декоративности формы яблони гибридной размножают прививками. Многолетние озеленительные посадки из полиморфных деревьев яблони гибридной, устойчивых к местным климатическим условиям, являются источником для создания маточных коллекций в питомниках Урала. Методами аналитической селекции (получение сеянцев от свободного опыления) можно отобрать адаптированные к объектам озеленения зимостойкие декоративные таксоны яблони с яркими фенотипическими признаками. The hybrid apple tree (M. hybrida) combines hybrids and varieties based on the Nedzwiecki apple tree with an unusual crown shape, coloring of flowers, leaves and fruits. To expand the range of landscaping plantings in Yekaterinburg zoned planting material with a low or medium level of variability of phenotypic signs of flowering and fruiting is required. The purpose of the work is to select the forms of hybrid apple tree in the landscaping plantations of Yekaterinburg by the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of corolla petals, flowers and fruits. The length and width of the corolla petals have been determined for 15 planting objects of valuable for selective breeding apple tree forms. The diameter, weight, shape, color of the fruit and the length of the peduncle were determined on 11 objects in selected individuals of apple trees. The level of variability of phenotypic traits of decorative apple taxa was rated using an empirical scale of levels of variability by S.A. Mamaev (1973). When sampling apple trees, individuals with a bright and long flowering are considered the most decorative. Various shapes and colors of fruits allow the decorative taxa of the apple tree to be attractive for a long time. In the forms of hybrid apple tree that we studied, the color of the corolla petals varies from white-pink to dark purple. The average level of endogenous variability in the width and length of the corolla petals indicates the resistance of the hybrid apple tree forms to urban conditions according to these phenotypic traits. An increased level of variability in the mass of fruits in some forms indicates the instability of this trait in urban conditions, which leads to the absence of seeds in the fruits, their poor quality or low germination. Selective breeding forms of such crops are propagated by grafting. To obtain apple taxa adapted to local conditions, it is necessary to propagate by seeds and obtain seedlings from free pollination with bright phenotypic traits. Perennial landscaping plantings of polymorphic hybrid apple trees, resistant to local climatic conditions, are a source for creation of plantations in nurseries of the Urals as a source of varietal planting material.

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

A Method for Studying the Distribution of Absorbing Roots of Fruit Trees

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Absorbing Roots

SUMMARYA method is described for studying the distribution of absorbing roots of fruit trees using the number of light root tips per unit of soil space as a criterion for characterizing the spatial distribution of the absorbing parts of the root systems. As examples of the use of this method, some results are shown from investigations with apple trees in South-Western Germany. They demonstrate the influence of soil-type and soil management on the distribution of absorbing roots. Striking temporal variations in the number of root tips were observed in the same tree.

scholarly journals Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilmar Ribeiro Nachtigall ◽  
Antonio Roque Dechen
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Sampling ◽  
Vegetative Cycle ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Tree Fruits

The nutrient accumulation curves of apple trees are good indicators of plant nutrient demand for each developmental stage. They are also a useful tool to evaluate orchard nutritional status and to estimate the amount of soil nutrient removal. This research aimed at evaluating the seasonality of nutrients in commercial apple orchards during the agricultural years of 1999, 2000, and 2001. Therefore, apple tree leaves and fruits of three cultivars 'Gala', 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji' were weekly collected and evaluated for fresh and dry matter, fruit diameter and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrient (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations. Leaf and fruit sampling started one or two weeks after full bloom, depending on the cultivar, and ended at fruit harvest or four weeks later (in the case of leaf sampling). In general, leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Cu, and B decreased; Ca increased; and Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn did vary significantly along the plant vegetative cycle. In fruits, the initial nutrient concentrations decreased quickly, undergoing slow and continuous decreases and then remaining almost constant until the end of fruit maturation, indicating nutrient dilution, once the total nutrient accumulation increased gradually with fruit growth. Potassium was the nutrient present in highest quantities in apple tree fruits and thus, the most removed from the soil.

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