scholarly journals DECORATIVE FORMS OF THE HYBRID APPLE TREE (MALUS HYBRIDA) IN THE LANDSCAPING PLANTINGS OF YEKATERINBURG

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
А.П. Кожевников ◽  
Р.В. Егоров
Keyword(s):  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Urban Conditions

Яблоня гибридная (M. hybrida) объединяет гибриды и сорта на основе яблони Недзвецкого с необычной формой кроны, окраской цветков, листьев и плодов. Для расширения ассортимента озеленительных посадок Екатеринбурга необходим районированный посадочный материал с низким или средним уровнем изменчивости фенотипических признаков цветения и плодоношения. Цель работы – отбор форм яблони гибридной в озеленительных посадках Екатеринбурга по качественным и количественным признакам лепестков венчиков, цветков и плодов. На 15 объектах озеленения у ценных в селекционном отношении форм яблони определены длина и ширина лепестков венчика. На 11 объектах у отборных особей яблони установлены диаметр, масса, форма, цвет плодов и длина плодоножки. Уровень изменчивости фенотипических признаков декоративных таксонов яблони оценивался по эмпирической шкале уровней изменчивости. При отборе образцов яблони наиболее декоративными считаются особи с ярким и продолжительным цветением. Разнообразные форма и цвет плодов позволяют декоративным таксонам яблони быть привлекательными более длительное время. У исследуемых нами внутривидовых форм окраска лепестков венчика варьирует от бело-розового до темно-пурпурного. Средний уровень эндогенной изменчивости по ширине и длине лепестков венчика указывает на устойчивость форм яблони гибридной к условиям города по данным фенотипическим признакам. Повышенный уровень изменчивости массы плодов у некоторых форм указывает на нестабильность данного признака в условиях города, что приводит к отсутствию в плодах семян, их недоброкачественности или низкой всхожести. Перспективные по декоративности формы яблони гибридной размножают прививками. Многолетние озеленительные посадки из полиморфных деревьев яблони гибридной, устойчивых к местным климатическим условиям, являются источником для создания маточных коллекций в питомниках Урала. Методами аналитической селекции (получение сеянцев от свободного опыления) можно отобрать адаптированные к объектам озеленения зимостойкие декоративные таксоны яблони с яркими фенотипическими признаками. The hybrid apple tree (M. hybrida) combines hybrids and varieties based on the Nedzwiecki apple tree with an unusual crown shape, coloring of flowers, leaves and fruits. To expand the range of landscaping plantings in Yekaterinburg zoned planting material with a low or medium level of variability of phenotypic signs of flowering and fruiting is required. The purpose of the work is to select the forms of hybrid apple tree in the landscaping plantations of Yekaterinburg by the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of corolla petals, flowers and fruits. The length and width of the corolla petals have been determined for 15 planting objects of valuable for selective breeding apple tree forms. The diameter, weight, shape, color of the fruit and the length of the peduncle were determined on 11 objects in selected individuals of apple trees. The level of variability of phenotypic traits of decorative apple taxa was rated using an empirical scale of levels of variability by S.A. Mamaev (1973). When sampling apple trees, individuals with a bright and long flowering are considered the most decorative. Various shapes and colors of fruits allow the decorative taxa of the apple tree to be attractive for a long time. In the forms of hybrid apple tree that we studied, the color of the corolla petals varies from white-pink to dark purple. The average level of endogenous variability in the width and length of the corolla petals indicates the resistance of the hybrid apple tree forms to urban conditions according to these phenotypic traits. An increased level of variability in the mass of fruits in some forms indicates the instability of this trait in urban conditions, which leads to the absence of seeds in the fruits, their poor quality or low germination. Selective breeding forms of such crops are propagated by grafting. To obtain apple taxa adapted to local conditions, it is necessary to propagate by seeds and obtain seedlings from free pollination with bright phenotypic traits. Perennial landscaping plantings of polymorphic hybrid apple trees, resistant to local climatic conditions, are a source for creation of plantations in nurseries of the Urals as a source of varietal planting material.

PECULIARITIES OF APPLE- TREE FRUIT- BEARING IN GROVELING CROP IN THE SOUTHERN PREDBAIKALIA CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
М. А. Rachenko
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
National Selection ◽  
Frost Free Period

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the peculiarities of fruiting apple varieties cultivated under the conditions of the Southern Baikal region in creeping culture. The object of the study was the large-fruited apple trees of various breeding stations and national selection. Planting material for the collection site was grown in equal agrotechnical and climatic conditions. Two-year old seedlings were used as stocks (for standard grafting in low shtamb). The harvest was taken into account (by weight) from each tree of the studied variety after three years of European and American varieties of apple trees into fruiting introduction. Conducted a preliminary quantitative accounting of the crop. Noted the minimum and maximum productivity from a tree of each grade. It is shown that only the maximum snow cover contributed to a full-fledged laying of fruit formations. Only the fruits of summer apple trees corresponded to the pomological description of the variety. Some varieties of the autumn and especially winter ripening period lost the brightness of the color and the size of the fruit, while maintaining high taste. Many varieties had a shorter storage period. The reason for this can be considered the influence of the peculiarities of the Siberian summer, namely, the insufficient length of the frost-free period and the sum of positive temperatures that the stanza culture is not able to fully overcome.

Prospects for the Development of Decorative Nursery in the Crimea

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Anna Igorevna REPETSKAYA ◽  
Irina Gennadievna SAVUSHKINA ◽  
Ekaterina Vasilievna GORODNYAYA ◽  
Elena Alexandrovna KRAVCHUK ◽  
Stanislav Olegovich VISHNEVSKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Piedmont Zone ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Potential volume of planting material market for ornamental crops was calculated based on the analysis of master plans for the development of Crimean cities taking into account standards for planting trees and shrubs. Data were obtained on territorial belonging, purpose, production cycle, and range of peninsula nurseries. It was proposed to use plus trees growing in urban conditions as mother trees for production of planting material adapted to the urban ecological and climatic conditions of this area. We have previously proposed a basic recommended assortment to green the Piedmont zone of Crimea. On its basis a GIS of plus trees of large landscape objects of Simferopol was developed.

scholarly journals Pathocomplex of root rot of apple tree in nurseries and young orchards of the South of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Irina Astapchuk ◽  
Galina Yakuba ◽  
Andrei Nasonov
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Root Pathogens ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Alternaria Alternate ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

Root rot poses a serious threat to the main fruit crop domestic apple in nurseries and young orchards. Obtaining healthy planting material, free from root pathogens and root rot, is an especially priority task in conditions of intensive production. In the process of analyzing the affected plants from nurseries and young orchards at four sampling points, pathogens of apple root rot from 11 genera were identified and 431 isolates were extracted. The most common causative agents of apple root rot seedlings in the entire studied sample were species of the genus Fusarium spp. Soil micromycetes such as Rhizoctonia spp., Cladosporium spp., Cylinrocarpon spp., and oomycetes from the genus Pythium were rare. The composition and occurrence of species were heterogeneous at different points in the studied region. Phomopsis mali (Schulzer & Sacc.) Died., Cytospora spp., Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl., and Aspergillus niger Tiegh. have been associated with root rot of seedlings and young apple trees.

scholarly journals THE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES OF APPLE TREE ROOT SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Sergey Mikhailovich Vasiliev ◽  
Andrey Sergeevich Shtanko ◽  
Yakov Evgenievich Udovidchenko
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Forecasting Techniques

 The developed method allows predicting the basic morphometric parameters of the root systems of zoned apple trees for the studied conditions of their growth with an accuracy of 80–85%.   The methodology and structure of the calculated dependencies can be used to develop appropriate recommendations on determining the geometric parameters of the root systems of the studied plants and for other tree stock-graft combinations of perennial woody plants cultivated in similar and other climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of interaction in the system "genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree - habitat" at temperature stresses of the summer period in the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
I. A. Dragavtseva ◽  
I. L. Efimova ◽  
A. V. Klyukina
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
New Records ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Tree Habitat ◽  
Generative Organs

The yield of fruit crops depends significantly on the climatic conditions of growing. High-temperature stresses of the summer growing season can lead to a decrease or even death of the crop. In the Krasnodar Territory, more and more new records of the onset of high temperatures are observed in the summer months, when the average daily temperature exceeds the climatic norm by 4-7 degrees. The purpose of the study is to study the sustainability of apple tree trips for summer high-temperature stresses, an assessment of the interaction in the system "Genotype of stock-scion/stock combinations of apple tree-habitat" in the conditions of a changing climate, as well as identifying the rootstocks that are most adapted to the soil-climatic conditions of the South of Russia. The relevance of the work is due to the enhancement of harmfulness of high-temperature stresses during the passage of the most important stage of laying the generative organs of the future harvest and ripening the current. An assessment of the drought-resistance of the apple trees in conditions of an elevated temperature background was carried out. Apple tree Prikubanskoy cultivar on semi-dwarf rootstock CK 2 and dwarf rootstock M 9 and CK 7, had the greatest leaf boom and their better water-holding ability. The most productive were the trees on the M 9 and SK 7 stocks. In the trees on the semi-dwarf stocks, the highest and steadily growing yield was on the SK 2 stock. Consequently, the implementation of genetic-physiological systems of adaptability of drought-resistant briefings determined the level of yields of the graft trees of the apple tree. The use of apple trees with a high biopotential of resistance to abiotic stress is an element of biologized compensation for the damaging effect of climatic stressors in the ecologized technology for the production of gardening products.

scholarly journals Complex Valuation of Energy from Agricultural Crops including Local Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Václav Voltr ◽  
Martin Hruška ◽  
Luboš Nobilis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Marginal Areas

This paper provides values of economic, energy and environmental assessments of 20 crops and assesses the relationships of soil-climatic conditions in the example of the Czech Republic. The comparison of main soil quality indicators according to the configuration of land and climate regions is performed on the basis of energy and economic efficiency as well as a comparison of the level of environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are identified based on the assessment of emissions from production and also in the form of soil compaction as an indicator of the relationship to soil quality. As concerns soil properties, of major importance is soil skeleton, slope of land and the depth of soil, which cause an increase in emissions from the energy produced. Substantially better emission parameters per 1 MJ through energy crops, the cultivation of perennial crops and silage maize has been supported. Among energy crops, a positive relationship with the quality of soil is seen in alfalfa, with a significant reduction in soil penetrometric resistance; energy crops are also politically justifiable in competition with other crops intended for nutrition of population. The main advantage of energy crops for the low-carbon economy is their CO2 production to MJ, which is almost half, especially in marginal areas with lower soil depths, slopes and stoniness, which can be included in the new agricultural policy.

Late-glacial and Post-glacial history of the Chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (745) ◽  
pp. 135-204 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of

This paper describes the morphology of a small piece of the Chalk escarpment near Brook in east Kent, and reconstructs its history since the end of the Last Glaciation. The escarpment contains a number of steep-sided valleys, or coombes, with which are associated deposits of chalk debris, filling their bottoms and extending as fans over the Gault Clay plain beyond. Here the fans overlie radiocarbon-dated marsh deposits of zone II (10 000 to 8800 B.C.) of the Late-glacial Period. The debris fans were formed and the coombes were cut very largely during the succeeding zone III (8800 to 8300 B.C.). The fans are the products of frost-shattering, probably transported by a combination of niveo-fluvial action and the release of spring waters; intercalated seams of loess also occur. The molluscs and plants preserved in the Late-glacial deposits give a fairly detailed picture of local conditions. The later history of one of the coombes, the Devil’s Kneadingtrough, is reconstructed. The springs have effected virtually no erosion and have probably always emerged more or less in their present position. In the floor of the coombe the periglacial chalk rubbles of zone III are covered by Postglacial deposits, mainly hillwashes. They are oxidized and yield no pollen, but contain rich faunas of land Mollusca, which are presented in the form of histograms revealing changing local ecological and climatic conditions. During most of the Post-glacial Period, from the end of zone III until about the beginning of zone VIII, very little accumulation took place on the coombe floor. But below the springs there are marsh deposits which span much of this interval. They yield faunas of considerable zoogeographical interest. The approximate beginning of zone VII a (Atlantic Period) is reflected by a calcareous tufa, which overlies a weathering horizon, and represents an increase in spring flow. Two clearance phases are deduced from the molluscan record. The first may have taken place at least as early as the Beaker Period (Late Neolithic/earliest Bronze Age); the second is probably of Iron Age ‘A’ date. In Iron Age times the subsoil was mobilized and a phase of rapid hillwashing began. As a result the valley floor became buried by humic chalk muds. The prime cause of this process was probably the beginning of intensive arable farming on the slopes above the coombe; a possible subsidiary factor may have been the Sub-Atlantic worsening of climate. The muds yield pottery ranging in date from Iron Age ‘Kentish first A’ ( ca . 500 to ca . 300 B.C.) to Romano-British ware of the first or second centuries A.D. Evidence is put forward for a possible climatic oscillation from dry to wet taking place at about the time of Christ. In the later stages of cultivation, possibly in the Roman Era, the valley floor was ploughed and given its present-day form.

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

scholarly journals The conflict between attempts to green arid cities and urban livelihoods The case of Dodoma, Tanzania

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Lupala ◽  
John Lupala
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Local Context ◽  
City Development ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Urban Livelihoods ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
The City

One of the features that characterise the designated capital city of Dodoma is the limited green landscape element as a result of semiarid climatic conditions of the whole central region of Tanzania. Besides concerted efforts by the Dodoma urban authorities to develop greenery landscape within the city through the Capital City Development Programme, such efforts have fallen into conflict with people’s livelihood activities. In this paper, it is argued that the gap between identification of appropriate landscape features that are not consistent with people's lifestyles and the local conditions are the contributory factors to the observed conflicts between attempts to green the city and livelihoods of the residents. Borrowed planning concepts in the masterplans thatwere imposed on the contextof Dodoma do not reflectthe realityof thepeople's needs and priorities as regards their livelihoods. These concepts have to the greatest extent failed to integrate livelihood activities and greening initiatives. This paper underscores the need for developing locally based planning considerations that take cognisance of all stakeholders and the local context as a way towards harmonising greening initiatives while accommodating people's livelihood needs and activities.Key Words: greening initiatives, livelihood activities, semi-arid cities, urban planning, master plans, Dodoma, Tanzania. 

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