scholarly journals Leading Oil Industry Experts of Soviet Russia on the Results of “Rationalization” in the 1920s and Its Crucial Factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 1273-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Bodrova ◽  
◽  
Vyacheslav V. Kalinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Oil Workers ◽  
Soviet Russia

The article analyzes the content of the leading experts’ discussions on the outcome of restoration and technical re-equipment of oil industry in the 1920s. The study is based on key principles of historical knowledge: historicism, consistency, and objectivity, which allows the authors to avoid ideological implications when analyzing sources and to determine the backbone of the experts’ disagreement on optimal strategy for oil industry development. So far, the modern historiography hasn’t given a full picture of conceptual approaches to this problem that emerged among leading oil industry workers. The article is to study major assessments of the industry recovery and its proposed strategies and nature of contradiction. It draws on discussion in the Scientific and Technical Council of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy and on main conclusions set forth in A.P. Serebrovsky’s book and memorandum. It uses documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (personal provenance fond of G. K. Ordzhonikidze). The theory of modernization is judged an adequate concept contributing to the elucidation of the topic. The study of archival and other materials allows the authors not only to evaluate colossal efforts made during the “rationalization” in the days of new economic policy, but also to show its significance for national economy development in the context of modernization processes. The studied documents make it possible, for instance, to determine how oil workers’ heated discussions in summarizing and identifying key factors of success arose from the need to form a development strategy for the oil industry and to reorganize its management. Analysis of various points of view shows that leading experts mostly recognized great importance of technical revolution, nationalization, and increasing centralization in the oil industry, which became a significant source for and a component of industrialization

scholarly journals The Rocky Road to the Formation of the Korean Department of the Eastern Section of the Communist International (1919 – first half of the 1920s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 803-815
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Ornatskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political History ◽  
Main Body ◽  
State Archive ◽  
National History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Far Eastern

The article highlights the process of formation of the Korean Department of the Eastern section of the ICCA under the conditions of existence of the buffer state — the Far Eastern Republic. It was to strive for geopolitical compromise in face of the Civil War and the Allied Intervention. The paper discusses conditions for establishment and reasons for further expansion of the Korean section. On the basis of documents from central and regional archives that are being thus introduced into the first scientific use, the contradictions of the national section formation are shown, the positions of the warring parties and the role of Soviet Russia representatives in the settlement of conflicts are highlighted. The conclusion is made about further directions of work with Korean communists. The past provides an opportunity to take a critical look at the events of a century ago, while the opening of the Comintern archives allows the open press to saturate its content with new data. The main body of unpublished documents on the activities of the Communist International is contained in the fond 495 of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, however, information on some aspects may be found in other federal and regional archives. It is no secret that foreign communists played their role in the foreign policy of Soviet Russia, and their help was big. However, the process of bringing them to work in the interests of the RSFSR has not yet been fully studied. Expediency, cost, and consequences of their work may be arguable, but only one conclusion is allowed: this page of national history should not be forgotten, it has to find its researchers. Recently, the study of the activities of departments and sections of the Communist international has not been popular among researchers either. The notions of ideological work have fallen by the wayside, pushed away by the Soviet past of the Comintern departments and sections. However, in our view, some aspects of the activities of divisions and sections of the Comintern remain relevant.

scholarly journals German Bank of Soviet Russia (Activity of the German-Volga Bank of Agricultural Credit in the 1920s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-653
Author(s):  
Yu. P. Golitsyn ◽  
◽  
A. S. Sokolov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Soviet Russia

The transition of Soviet Russia from “war communism” to a new economic policy required the restoration of commodity-money exchange, the financial and tax system, credit and other market institutions. The need for rapid recovery and development of all branches of the national economy predetermined a certain departure from the “communist” views on banking and in the early 1920s. in the country, along with the State Bank, special banks appeared. These banks, being under the control of the relevant economic commissariats, ensured the implementation of the necessary financial and credit policy in this branch of the national economy. The article examines the activity of the German-Volga Agricultural Credit Bank in the ASSR of the Volga Germans during the period of the new economic policy. Special attention is paid to the bank’s issuance of a bond loan intended for placement, primarily on the foreign market. The bank bonds were supposed to be placed in Germany and among the German diasporas of the United States and Latin America. The article analyzes the activities of Nemvolbank in attracting foreign currency funds. The source base was the documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics in the funds of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR and the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR: correspondence between the leadership of the ASSR of the Volga Germans about the issue of the loan and the terms of its placement, Regulations on the issue of bonds, etc. The role of the bank in the development of Soviet- German financial and economic relations within the framework of the diplomatic rapprochement of the two countries is traced. Shown activity Newalliance for the return of German colonists, immigrants back in the Volga region. It is concluded that the German-Volga Bank conducted quite active foreign trade activities.

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF SOVIET RUSSIA: HISTORICAL REALITY OR UNREALIZED IDEA?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Владимировна Малашенко
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Economy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Soviet Russia

Автор поднимает проблему исторического значения новой экономической политики Советской России в 20-е гг. XX века. В данной статье рассматривается сравнительный анализ социально-экономических мероприятий советской власти, доказывается их практическаяэффективность и значение в восстановлении народного хозяйства. The author raises the problem of the historical significance of the new economic policy of Soviet Russia in the 1920-s XX century. This article considers a comparative analysis of the socio-economic measures of the Soviet government, proves their practical effectiveness and significance in restoring the national economy.

scholarly journals European Comecon Members in Search of Oil Shortage Solutions: The Establishment of the Petroleum Bureau in 1973

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-210
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Glazov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Creation

This article examines attempts at multilateral cooperation between the USSR and European Comecon members which experienced a shortage of primary energy resources, in the acquisition and transportation of large volumes of oil from the developing world in the early 1970s. The paper focuses on the creation of the so-called Bureau of Petroleum, a new Comecon working body as part of the Standing Commission on Foreign Trade. This Bureau carried out its activities, which were of a closed nature, in 1973–1978. The Petroleum Bureau was created to fulfill the functions of an effective focal point of the Comecon member countries interested in jointly solving the problems of increasing oil imports from developing countries and expanding economic and technical cooperation with said countries. This is the first study dedicated to the causes and the process of creating the Bureau of Petroleum. It is based on documents of the XXV and XXVI sessions of the CMEA, the CMEA Executive Committee, the CMEA Standing Commission on Foreign Trade, as well as other materials from the CMEA fund in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE). The author concludes that the creation of the Petroleum Bureau was associated with the shortage of oil at the beginning of the 1970s in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the nationalisation of Iraq’s oil industry adopted by the Baathist government on 1 June 1972.

scholarly journals Oil Industry of USSR in Late 1920s - 1930s: Conflicting Development Results

2020 ◽  
pp. 314-327
Author(s):  
Elena V. Bodrova ◽  
Vyacheslav V. Kalinov
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Technological Breakthrough ◽  
Fuel Balance ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Oil Workers

The relevance of the study is due to the critical importance for the country of technological breakthrough, overcoming the inhibition of modernization processes. The novelty of the study is in the fact that on the basis of published and declassified archival documents, the problem of implementing the development plans for the oil industry in the years of the first five-year plans is investigated, factors that determine their failure are identified. As the main reasons, based on the results of the analysis of documentary data, serious strategic miscalculations in planning, the elimination of a whole cohort of brilliant oil workers were identified. The studied documents and materials made it possible to formulate the conclusion that large-scale plans were not fully supported by financial, human, technological resources. It is proved that this caused a disproportion between the growth of the national economy and the country's fuel balance. Particular attention is paid to the serious miscalculations of the Soviet government regarding the creation of an oil base in the east of the country. It is proved that, despite the recommendations of prominent scientists, only in the late 1930s the course changed, the realization of the need to search and develop new deposits in the Ural-Volga region came. It is concluded that as a result, by 1941, this oil-bearing region was not sufficiently mastered, but the foundation of “Second Baku” was laid.

The perspective planning under NEP

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Yury M. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Perspective Planning ◽  
Sharp Criticism

The article reviews the implementation of the perspective planning in the USSR during the period of the New Economic Policy — NEP, from methodological discussions to the development of five-year plans — sectoral and for the entire national economy. The article analyzes the discussion of the proposal of the first five-year plan submitted by S. Strumilin at the congress of planning bodies in March, 1927. It is shown that the sharp criticism of this plan for being imbalanced by the leading economists of the country, in particular, V. Bazarov and N. Kondratiev, is valid. The author points out the influence of political factors on the planning process. The popular cliche that the forced industrialization in the five-year plan was necessary to prepare for the war is refuted.

"MOTHER, SHOWING NO SPECIAL AFFECTION FOR YOU, WRITES TO YOU VERY FRIENDLY". COUNT V.A. MUSIN-PUSHKIN'S PRE-WEDDING LETTERS TO HIS BRIDE

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Yuliya V. Kim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
Power Hierarchy

The article presents two letters from V.A. Musin-Pushkin which he wrote to his bride shortly before the wedding in 1828 (the letters are kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts). The text of the letters reflects the context of the time and everyday life, the system of views and the peculiarities of the worldview of a young aristocrat, the specific features of intra-family interaction in the field of feelings, marriage, human relations which inevitably turn out to be associated with the concepts of the family honor, family duty, the need to preserve the status of a noble family. The author traces how the power hierarchy is manifested at the level of relations within a close circle of relatives, as well as how traditional patterns are combined with new elements. Vladimir Alekseevich Musin-Pushkin, the youngest son of the archaeographer Count A.I. Musin-Pushkin, was arrested in connection with the case of the Decembrists, transferred from the Guards to the army and exiled to serve in Finland, where he met his future wife, Emilia Karlovna Shernval von Wallen. The article provides details of the family life of this married couple, as well as private facts from the biography of some other members of the Musin-Pushkin family.

‘...Insured against the tyranny of time’.Knut Hamsun’s last play and an unknown Russian film script

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-102
Author(s):  
T P. Lonngren
Keyword(s):  
Film Adaptation ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theatrical Play ◽  
Russian Film

After a short summary of the story behind K. Hamsun’s play In the Grip of Life [Livet i Vold], its plot and stage history in Russia, the article proceeds to tell about an unknown film script. Cinematic adaptations of Hamsun’s books have always dominated Norwegian literature, while none of his dramatic pieces have made it to the screen. However, a film script was uncovered, an adaptation of In the Grip of Life: a play specially written for a Russian theatre. The script was found in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts, among the documents of Evgeny Sergeevich Khokhlov. Based on the history of filmmaking and relevant filmography, Khokhlov’s film script is not just the only attempt at film adaptation of a Hamsun play, but the first ever project based on a theatrical play in Russian cinematic history. Written almost 100 years ago, the script is far from perfect in the modern understanding of filmmaking; nonetheless, it has certain merits in the eyes of contemporaries. The very attempt to interpret the play by means of a nascent artistic genre may be considered a proof of its relevance to Russian audiences at the time.

‘People and good books make me happy’. Ekaterina Livshits’ letters to Aleksandr Deich and Evgenia Deich-Malkina

2018 ◽  
pp. 298-377
Author(s):  
P. M. Nerle
Keyword(s):  
Literary Critic ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Core ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Literary Process

At the core of this publication are letters written by E. Livshits (1902–1987), the widow of B. Livshits, to her close friends: literary critic A. Deich (1893–1972), whom she knew ever since her Kiev days, and his wife E. Deich-Malkina (1919–2014). Kept at the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, this epistolary collection spans over 20 years, starting from 1967. Along with accounts of private circumstances, each letter contains accounts related to B. Livshits, Osip and Nadezhda Mandelstam, I. Nappelbaum, A. Shadrin, and others. At the same time, E. Livshits’ comments and descriptions of people and literary works are very lifelike and fascinating. On the whole, the reader gets a picture of the period and certain literary process, viewed by a sophisticated connoisseur rather than squinted at by an aging disenfranchised widow of an executed writer. The publication is prefaced by P. Nerler, who collected and prepared the book of letters and reminiscences of E. Livshits, to be printed by Elena Shubina Publishers (AST).

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