scholarly journals Oil Industry of USSR in Late 1920s - 1930s: Conflicting Development Results

2020 ◽  
pp. 314-327
Author(s):  
Elena V. Bodrova ◽  
Vyacheslav V. Kalinov

The relevance of the study is due to the critical importance for the country of technological breakthrough, overcoming the inhibition of modernization processes. The novelty of the study is in the fact that on the basis of published and declassified archival documents, the problem of implementing the development plans for the oil industry in the years of the first five-year plans is investigated, factors that determine their failure are identified. As the main reasons, based on the results of the analysis of documentary data, serious strategic miscalculations in planning, the elimination of a whole cohort of brilliant oil workers were identified. The studied documents and materials made it possible to formulate the conclusion that large-scale plans were not fully supported by financial, human, technological resources. It is proved that this caused a disproportion between the growth of the national economy and the country's fuel balance. Particular attention is paid to the serious miscalculations of the Soviet government regarding the creation of an oil base in the east of the country. It is proved that, despite the recommendations of prominent scientists, only in the late 1930s the course changed, the realization of the need to search and develop new deposits in the Ural-Volga region came. It is concluded that as a result, by 1941, this oil-bearing region was not sufficiently mastered, but the foundation of “Second Baku” was laid.

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-75
Author(s):  
Nadezhda M. Korneva ◽  
◽  
David I. Raskin ◽  

The article is devoted to the history of the Leningrad archives during the Great Patriotic War and the blockade. The evacuation of the most valuable archival funds and parts of the funds largely repeated the experience of the 1917 evacuation. Especially valuable documents and the collections of finding aids of the archives were evacuated. That allowed to save the most valuable part of the archives, but made it almost impossible to use of information from the archives left in the besieged city. But thanks to the highest professionalism and dedication of the Leningrad archivists, these documents were nevertheless shown up and used in the interests of the defense, foreign policy, the national economy, as well as propaganda. In the most difficult conditions of the blockade, thematic requests were carried out, reviews, lists of documents were compiled, documentary collections were prepared for publication. Social and legal requests were also carried out in the interests of individuals. Documents of “operationalchekist” interest were identified. Work on the use of information from the archives of besieged Leningrad was carried out on a large scale. The archives suffered from bombing and artillery shelling. The greatest losses were suffered by the Central State Historical Archives in Leningrad (TsGIAL). Those losses (as well as losses during evacuation and re-evacuation) amounted to approx 1.3% of the total number of documents stored in the archive. But the main part of the documents of the Leningrad archives was saved.


Author(s):  
Kuzovova N.

Purpose and methodology of the study. The article is devoted to the analysis of sources on the history of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in the Kherson region. The results of the study will help to expand knowledge about the famine of 1932–1933 and to conduct an effective search for new archival information about this event. The study is based on source methods of identifying, analyzing and evaluating sources. Methods of archival heuristics are used, with the help of which a circle of archives is established, where the necessary information could potentially be stored, based on information about fundraisers.Results and scientific novelty of the study. A significant array of official records was analyzed: orders, reports, information, correspondence, certifying the crime of the Soviet government against the Ukrainian people - the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in the Kherson region.It was found that the collections of archival documents of Russian archivists, despite the purpose of preparing a source complex, the composition and content of which would deny the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people, nevertheless contain valuable information from the central archives of the former USSR, including materials about southern Ukraine. One of the significant shortcomings is the lack of documents that would reflect the reaction of the "fraternal" republics to the famine in Ukraine, as Kherson trade unions, in particular, sought food aid from the relevant authorities in Belarus and Russia.In Ukraine, in parallel with the processes of declassification of archives, collections of documents with high-quality archeographic design were also published. In fact, Ukrainian scholars have urged their Russian counterparts to address the issue of famine, as they have previously produced high-quality informational content for the study of the Holodomor in Ukraine, which cannot be ignored.Regional archives play an equally important role in forming the source base of the problem. Their materials have been repeatedly published, including in the large-scale project "National Book of Remembrance of the Holodomor Victims of 1932–1933 pp. in Ukraine” (2008). It seemed that such a number of identified, published, including in the form of Internet resources of documentary monuments, cartographic materials, sources on demographic statistics has already exhausted the subject, but declassification and transfer of documents from the SBU continues, and archives are replenished with new documents. In particular, those that raise the issue of Soviet repression for spreading information about the famine of 1932–1933 in later years. That is, the discovery of new documents and the setting of new research tasks to study the history of the Holodomor is a real prospect for the future.Key words: Holodomor, Kherson region, local history, archive, source, document. Мета та методологія дослідження. Стаття присвячена аналізу джерел з історії Голодомору 1932–1933 років на терито-рії Херсонщини. Результати дослідження допоможуть розширити знання про голод 1932–1933 років та проводити ефективний пошук нової архівної інформації про цю подію. В основі дослідження лежать джерелознавчі методи виявлення, аналізу та оцінки джерел. Застосовуються методи архівної евристики, за допомогою якої встановлено коло архівів, де потенційно могла зберігатись необхідна інформація, виходячи з інформації про фондоутворювачів. Результати та наукова новизна дослідження. Проаналізовано значний масив документів офіційного діловодства: накази, доповідні записки, інформації, листування, що засвідчують злочин радянської влади проти українського народу – Голодомор-геноцид 1932–1933 років на території Херсонщини.З’ясовано, що збірники архівних документів російських архівістів, не зважаючи на мету підготувати джерельний комплекс, склад і зміст якого заперечуватиме Голодомор як геноцид українського народу, тим не менш містять цінну інформацію з центральних архівів колишнього СРСР, в тому числі матеріали про Південь України. Одним з суттєвих недоліків – відсутність документів, що б відображали реакцію «братніх» республік на голод в Україні, оскілки зокрема херсонські профспілки звертались за продовольчою допомогою до відповідних органів в Білорусії та Росії. В Україні, паралельно з процесами розсекречення архівів, також видано збірки документів з якісним археографічним оформленням. Власне українські вчені спонукали російських колег звернутись до теми голоду, оскільки раніше за них сформували якісний інформаційний контент для вивчення Голодомору в Україні, котрий не можливо ігнорувати.Не менш важливу роль у формуванні джерельної бази проблеми відграють регіональні архіви. Їхні матеріали неодноразово публікувались, в тому числі в масштабному проєкті «Національна Книга пам’яті жертв Голодомору 1932–1933 pp. в Україні» (2008). Здавалось, така кількість виявлених, опублікованих, в тому числі – у вигляді Інтернет-ресурсів документаль-них пам’яток, картографічних матеріалів, джерел з демографічної статистики вже вичерпала тематику, проте розсекречення та передача документів з СБУ триває, й архіви поповнюються новими документами. Зокрема, такими, що піднімають питання репресій радянської за поширення інформації про голод 1932–1933 років у пізніші роки. Тобто виявлення нових документів, і постановка нових дослідницьких завдань з вивчення історії Голодомору – реальна перспектива на майбутнє.Ключові слова: Голодомор, Херсонщина, локальна історія, архів, джерело, документ


2020 ◽  
pp. 1273-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Bodrova ◽  
◽  
Vyacheslav V. Kalinov ◽  

The article analyzes the content of the leading experts’ discussions on the outcome of restoration and technical re-equipment of oil industry in the 1920s. The study is based on key principles of historical knowledge: historicism, consistency, and objectivity, which allows the authors to avoid ideological implications when analyzing sources and to determine the backbone of the experts’ disagreement on optimal strategy for oil industry development. So far, the modern historiography hasn’t given a full picture of conceptual approaches to this problem that emerged among leading oil industry workers. The article is to study major assessments of the industry recovery and its proposed strategies and nature of contradiction. It draws on discussion in the Scientific and Technical Council of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy and on main conclusions set forth in A.P. Serebrovsky’s book and memorandum. It uses documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (personal provenance fond of G. K. Ordzhonikidze). The theory of modernization is judged an adequate concept contributing to the elucidation of the topic. The study of archival and other materials allows the authors not only to evaluate colossal efforts made during the “rationalization” in the days of new economic policy, but also to show its significance for national economy development in the context of modernization processes. The studied documents make it possible, for instance, to determine how oil workers’ heated discussions in summarizing and identifying key factors of success arose from the need to form a development strategy for the oil industry and to reorganize its management. Analysis of various points of view shows that leading experts mostly recognized great importance of technical revolution, nationalization, and increasing centralization in the oil industry, which became a significant source for and a component of industrialization


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nouf AlJabri ◽  
Nan Shi

Abstract Nanoemulsions (NEs) are kinetically stable emulsions with droplet size on the order of 100 nm. Many unique properties of NEs, such as stability and rheology, have attracted considerable attention in the oil industry. Here, we review applications and studies of NEs for major upstream operations, highlighting useful properties of NEs, synthesis to render these properties, and techniques to characterize them. We identify specific challenges associated with large-scale applications of NEs and directions for future studies. We first summarize useful and unique properties of NEs, mostly arising from the small droplet size. Then, we compare different methods to prepare NEs based on the magnitude of input energy, i.e., low-energy and high-energy methods. In addition, we review techniques to characterize properties of NEs, such as droplet size, volume fraction of the dispersed phase, and viscosity. Furthermore, we discuss specific applications of NEs in four areas of upstream operations, i.e., enhanced oil recovery, drilling/completion, flow assurance, and stimulation. Finally, we identify challenges to economically tailor NEs with desired properties for large-scale upstream applications and propose possible solutions to some of these challenges. NEs are kinetically stable due to their small droplet size (submicron to 100 nm). Within this size range, the rate of major destabilizing mechanisms, such as coalescence, flocculation, and Ostwald ripening, is considerably slowed down. In addition, small droplet size yields large surface-to-volume ratio, optical transparency, high diffusivity, and controllable rheology. Similar to applications in other fields (food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc.), the oil and gas industry can also benefit from these useful properties of NEs. Proposed functions of NEs include delivering chemicals, conditioning wellbore/reservoir conditions, and improve chemical compatibility. Therefore, we envision NEs as a versatile technology that can be applied in a variety of upstream operations. Upstream operations often target a wide range of physical and chemical conditions and are operated at different time scales. More importantly, these operations typically consume a large amount of materials. These facts not only suggest efforts to rationally engineer properties of NEs in upstream applications, but also manifest the importance to economically optimize such efforts for large-scale operations. We summarize studies and applications of NEs in upstream operations in the oil and gas industry. We review useful properties of NEs that benefit upstream applications as well as techniques to synthesize and characterize NEs. More importantly, we identify challenges and opportunities in engineering NEs for large-scale operations in different upstream applications. This work not only focuses on scientific aspects of synthesizing NEs with desired properties but also emphasizes engineering and economic consideration that is important in the oil industry.


Significance As in 2020 and 2021, this projected growth will be driven by the ongoing expansion of the oil and gas sector, and related investment and state revenues. These rising revenues will support the government’s ambitious national development plans, which include both increased social and infrastructure spending. Impacts The government will prioritise enhancing the oil and gas investment framework. Investment into joint oil and gas infrastructure with Suriname will benefit the growing oil industry in both countries. The expansionary fiscal policy may lead to a rise in inflation, leading to further calls for wage increases. In the medium term, strong growth in the oil and gas sector could lead to increased climate change activism in the country.


Libri ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-329
Author(s):  
Péter Kiszl ◽  
Rita Radó ◽  
Miklós Péter Hubay

Abstract Hungarian librarianship and related research are sadly underrepresented in international literature. With this article we intend to fill this gap and inform the experts of library and information science of some of the most recent Hungarian innovations. After showcasing the international professional connections of Hungarian librarianship, we present the structure of the Hungarian public library network and its mode of operation. We also analyse current and future main digital development plans, projects and the most important related professional activities of Hungarian libraries. Emphasis is placed on information systems promoting cooperation between libraries and the issues of the National Library System Project, which is a large-scale modernisation programme carried out between 2016 and 2018, designed to develop the IT system of the National Széchényi Library. After introducing the information systems of academic and specialised libraries and the access models of scientific databases provided by multinational and Hungarian content services, we also discuss the endeavours of public libraries aiming for multifunctionality and community organisation. The paper ends by providing insights into how the outcomes of the recent initiatives have been fed back into Hungarian LIS training courses offered in higher education.


2018 ◽  
pp. 856-866
Author(s):  
Dmitriy E. Komarov ◽  

The article assesses the scope of collaboration in occupied Soviet territories in the days of the Great Patriotic War. This topic is a matter of intense debate in modern Russian scholarship. The most controversial issue is the extent to which Soviet citizens participated in events organized by invaders in occupied territories and the support which local population lent to occupation authorities. The article assesses potential threat of collaborationism in political, as well as economic terms. Having seized the richest and most economically developed regions of the country, the enemy could have significantly strengthened his military potential. National historiography has not yet integrated all data on stratification of local population in their stance toward invaders. It is an extremely difficult task to accomplish nationwide. As occupied territories were culturally, historically and socio-politically heterogeneous, it should be approached by studying republics and regions on a standalone basis. The case-study of the Smolensk region draws on archival materials to determine the share of Soviet citizens cooperating with occupation authorities within the framework of ‘administrative collaboration.’ It concludes that the number of Smolensk families whose members can be classified as ‘administrative collaborators,’ did not exceed 12%, whereas more than 9% of Smolensk families had members who took an active part in the struggle against invaders in the partisan detachments. Thus, the article demonstrates that two extreme irreconcilable phenomena in the occupied territories — collaborationism and partisans movement — were practically in balance. The absolute majority of Smolensk residents (almost 80%) did their utmost to avoid participation in both. Further developments in the Smolensk region proved that their ‘neutrality’ was conditional: the population remained loyal to the Soviet government and formed a social base for large-scale resistance to the occupation policy. Smolensk region became one of the centers of the partisan movement. To a certain extent, Smolensk data can be extrapolated to other western regions of the Russian non-black earth area.


TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Neroslov Alexey

In 1943, at the height of the Great Patriotic War, the new revolutionary drilling technique with high efficiency was used in Krasnokamsk oilfield of Molotov (Perm) Oblast for the first time in the world – the cluster turbodrilling method. The development of oil industry in Prikamye in the 1940s was associated with certain complications. The main deposits of the Krasnokasmk oilfield discovered before the war turned out to be located due to a number of reasons within the area of industrial and residential construction of the city of Krasnokamsk and under the Kama river and the Paltinskoye swamp close to the city. Conventional drilling methods could not be used for their development. The way out was to use the method of directional drilling that was little known at that moment. The development of the innovative technology in Krasnokamsk oilfield in 1942 was largely due to the involvement of the specialists of the Experimental Turbodrilling Bureau evacuated from Baku. Directional drilling which involved the deviation of the bottom hole (the ultimate lowest point of the well) from the wellhead (the initial uppermost location) by several hundred metres opened up broad opportunities for developing hard-to-recover oil deposits while significantly accelerating and ensuring cost savings of the drilling process. The directional drilling served as the basis for the development in Prikamye of an advanced technology of cluster drilling when several directional wells with different azimuths were drilled from a small well pad. In 1943–1944, cluster drilling was tested and successfully used in Krasnokamsk oilfield. The cluster drilling comprised an entire range of innovative solutions including the movement of assembled drilling rigs without dismantling power equipment. Also, it resulted in the reduction of total labour costs, scope of construction and assembly works, costs of building oilfield roads, power lines and pipelines, and transportation costs. People’s Commissariat of Oil Industry of the USSR initiated a large-scale rollout of the advanced method of cluster drilling in the largest oil-producing regions of the Soviet Union – Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus, and the area of the “second Baku” – Bashkiria, Tatary, and Kuybyshev oblast. The transition to the advanced and cost-saving technology of cluster drilling laid the foundation for the technical and economic revolution of the world drilling practices.


Author(s):  
Angela V. Dolgova

During the Civil War, Soviet workers had to fight against desertion and banditry. Since the majority of the country’s population was the peasantry, a confrontation arose with the Soviet government of that part of it that could not accept it. More often than not, peasants fell under such Bolshevik propaganda labels as “white gangs” or “gangs of deserters”, which had spread through the efforts of the party-Soviet propaganda machine. According to archival documents, local Soviet workers used terror not only to suppress resistance, but also as a forced measure caused by the real military-political situation in the Perm Governorate. The fight for the establishment of the power of the Soviets was fought against banditry, not desertion, and was fierce. Consequently, the widespread thesis in the history of the Civil War in the Perm Governorate about mass desertion is nothing more than an assumption. The line of the Eastern Front passed next to the Osinsky District, so the most fierce fight unfolded here, which in turn had an impact on the military-political situation in the governorate as a whole.


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