scholarly journals Dynamics of Argumentation Systems: A Basic Theory

10.29007/njsm ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beishui Liao ◽  
Li Jin ◽  
Rober Koons
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
The Status ◽  
Grounded Semantics ◽  
Argumentation Systems

The changing of arguments and their attack relation is an intrinsic property of a variety of argumentation systems. So, it is very important to efficiently figure out how the status of arguments in a system evolves when the system is updated. However, unlike other areas of argumentation that have been deeply explored, such as argumentation semantics, proof theories, and algorithms, etc., dynamics of argumentation systems has been comparatively neglected. In this paper, we introduce a general theory (called a division-based method) to cope with this problem based on a new concept: the division of an argumentation framework. When an argumentation framework is updated, it is divided into three parts: an unaffected, an affected, and a conditioning part. The status of arguments in the unaffected sub-framework remains unchanged, while the status of the affected arguments is computed in a special argumentation framework (called a conditioned argumentation framework, or briefly CAF) that is composed of an affected part and a conditioning part. We have proved that under a certain semantics that satisfies the directionality criterion (complete, preferred, ideal, or grounded semantics), the extensions of the updated framework are equal to the result of a combination of the extensions of an unaffected sub-framework and sets of the extensions of a set of assigned CAFs. The theory shows that the complexity of computing the dynamics of argumentation will decrease to a lesser or greater extent, depending on the types of argumentation semantics, the topologies of argumentation frameworks, and the number of affected arguments with respect to an addition or a deletion. As a result, this theory is expected to be very useful in various kinds of argumentation systems where arguments and attacks are dynamics, due to the changing of underlying knowledge and information.

scholarly journals DIALOGICAL LINGUISTICS IN RUSSIA: THE HISTORY OF FORMATION AND THE CURRENT STATUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
N. N. Shpilnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Interactional Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Formation

The article is an outline of the development of Dialogical Linguistics in Russia. It represents its milestones of formation and the current state. Dialogical Linguistics is considered to be an integral linguistic branch, claiming the status of a distinct «research program» and comprises such sections as follows: Linguistics of Dialogical Text, Linguistic Theory of Replication, Interactional Theory of Dialogue, General Theory of Dialogue. In the final part of the article, the principles of dialogical modeling of linguistic objects are being formulated.

scholarly journals Reasoning with Inconsistent Possibilistic Ontologies by Applying Argument Accrual

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. e16
Author(s):  
Sergio Alejandro Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Logic Programming ◽  
Description Logic ◽  
Logic Programs ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
Possibilistic Logic ◽  
Grounded Semantics

We present an approach for performing instance checking in possibilistic description logic programming ontologies by accruing arguments that support the membership of individuals to concepts. Ontologies are interpreted as possibilistic logic programs where accruals of arguments as regarded as vertexes in an abstract argumentation framework. A suitable attack relation between accruals is defined. We present a reasoning framework with a case study and a Java-based implementation for enacting the proposed approach that is capable of reasoning under Dung’s grounded semantics.

Independence and D-separation in Abstract Argumentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjitze Rienstra ◽  
Matthias Thimm ◽  
Kristian Kersting ◽  
Xiaoting Shao
Keyword(s):  
Markov Property ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
Separation Criterion ◽  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Semantic Definition

We investigate the notion of independence in abstract argumentation, i.e., the question of whether the evaluation of one set of arguments is independent of the evaluation of another set of arguments, given that we already know the status of a third set of arguments. We provide a semantic definition of this notion and develop a method to discover independencies based on transforming an argumentation framework into a DAG on which we then apply the well-known d-separation criterion. We also introduce the SCC Markov property for argumentation semantics, which generalises the Markov property from the classical acyclic case and guarantees the soundness of our approach.

Grounding predictive coding models in empirical neuroscience research

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Egner ◽  
Christopher Summerfield
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Convincing Case ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Status

AbstractClark makes a convincing case for the merits of conceptualizing brains as hierarchical prediction machines. This perspective has the potential to provide an elegant and powerful general theory of brain function, but it will ultimately stand or fall with evidence from basic neuroscience research. Here, we characterize the status quo of that evidence and highlight important avenues for future investigations.

General Principles of Self Psychology: A Position Statement

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-543
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Lichtenberg ◽  
Ernest Wolf
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Self Psychology ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Self ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Pathological Development

In the more than twenty-five years since Kohut formulated a psychology of the self, the basic theory has undergone many revisions and additions. In the course of broadening from a focus on narcissism and empathy into a general theory of normal and pathological development, self psychology has taken so many different directions that the question can be asked, Does self psychology remain essentially a single theory with different descriptors–-a theory of a self-selfobject matrix, a theory of intersubjectivity, a theory of motivational systems, and so on? A concise statement of general principles is intended to contribute to a dialogue between advocates of the views presented here and those who hold different views of theory and practice, within and withoutself psychology.

scholarly journals Notes on the role of metapragmatic awareness in language use

Pragmatics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jef Verschueren
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Manifestation

Against the background of a general theory of pragmatics, reflections are formulated on the central role of metapragmatic awareness as a specific manifestation of salience, the status of processes of meaning generation in language use in relation to the cognitive apparatus. First the notions of metalanguage and metapragmatics, as used in linguistics, are discussed. Then metalinguistic and metapragmatic phenomena are presented as reflections of metapragmatic awareness. Two ways in which indicators of metapragmatic awareness function in language use are distinguished: Their functioning as anchoring devices locating linguistic form in relation to context, and their functioning as signals of the language users’ reflexive interpretations of the activities they are engaged in. Finally, some social implications of metapragmatic functioning are discussed, in particular in relation to language ideologies and identity construction.

No false grounds and topology of argumentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenwei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Axiom System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gettier Problem ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Grounded Semantics ◽  
The Gettier Problem

Abstract We integrate Dung’s argumentation framework with a topological space to formalize Clark’s no false lemmas theory for solving the Gettier problem and study its logic. Our formalization shows that one of the two notions of knowledge proposed by Clark, justified belief with true grounds, satisfies Stalnaker’s axiom system of belief and knowledge except for the axiom of closure under conjunction. We propose a new notion of knowledge, justified belief with a well-founded chain of true grounds, which further improves on Clark’s two notions of knowledge. We pinpoint a seemingly reasonable condition which makes these three notions of knowledge collapse into the same one and explain why this result looks counter-intuitive. From a technical point of view, our formal analysis driven by the philosophical issues reveals the logical structure of the grounded semantics in Dung’s argumentation theory.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF GENERAL THEORY AND METALANGUAGE OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES WITH AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Muzaffar KHOSHIMOV
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Natural Surface ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
The Way

The article touches upon the problems of general theory and metalaguage of one more invariant type of the sentence, that is, a composite sentence with an introductory clause along with the three traditionally accepted structural-semantic (compound, complex and mixed /semi-composite/) types and the taxonomy of the latter in language. The main focus here is made on the so called parenthetical, rather introductory constructions represented by introductory words, phrases and sentences, specifically verbalizing the universal concept of subjective modal assessment” of the fact (action, quality, quantity, state, etc.) expressed in the main body of the sentences, to which the latter are canonically introduced. The author here makes an accent on the status of the so called simple sentences with an “introductory element”, expressed by a clause in language(s) which have been traditionally treated as “simple sentences of the complicated structure”, although they are characterized by their natural surface and deep structures like a composite sentence with at least two predicative units, each of which having its own grammatically expressed subjectpredicate structure. Critically approaching the treatment of such composite sentences as “complex sentences with a parenthetical clause” in special literature, the author considers them to be “composite sentences with an introductory clause”, for the latter can’t be segmented into principle and subordinate clauses, and proves his own approach by illustrating them through convincing examples from fiction materials, which paves the way to four–membered taxonomy of composite sentences replacing the traditional three –membered one.

scholarly journals Status of the Modern General Theory of the State and Law in the System of the Legal Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 738-746
Author(s):  
Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
High Status ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Official Ideology ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law

This scientific article deals with the problem of the hierarchy of the modern legal sciences. The main purpose of the work is to justify the principle that modern general theory of the state retains the status of the fundamental, methodological legal science. There are following tasks of the achieving of the purpose in the article: 1) to analyse the positions of the legal scientists who doubt on the high status of the general theory of the state and the law; 2) to characterize Marxist-Leninist general theory of state and law, which had class, party character; 3) to justify the position that certain provisions of Marxism-Leninism have not lost relevance yet; 4) to display the similarity of Marxist-Leninist general theory of the state and law and modern theory of state and law in terms of methodological foundations. Result. Not agreeing that the theory of the state and law has the function of the serving of the official ideology currently, there is a suggestion in the article that the general theory of the state and law at all stages of the development of the society, not excluding the modern science, is the fundamental, methodological science in the system of other legal sciences, despite the attacks at both theoretical and practical levels.

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