scholarly journals Automatic standardized shape analysis of the sagittal profiles (J-Curves) of the femoral condyles based on three-dimensional (3D) surface data

10.29007/pc21 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Asseln ◽  
Maximilian C. M. Fischer ◽  
Hao Yang Chan ◽  
Patrick Meere ◽  
Peter Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Sagittal Profile ◽  
Circular Arcs ◽  
Logarithmic Spirals ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Single Radius ◽  
Femoral Condyles

The sagittal geometry of the articular surfaces of the femoral condyles, also called J-Curves because of the letter J-shaped profiles, is one of the main factors affecting knee kinematics in the normal knee[1] as well as artificial knee [2]. For example, Clary et al. [2] showed that large changes in the J-curves’ radii cause abrupt changes in the center of rotation, leading to decreased anterior-posterior stability. In literature, the sagittal profile has been described mathematically by different geometric figures, such as arcs, circles, involutes of a circle, and Archimedean and logarithmic spirals [3]. The circular approximation has been often followed in the different concepts of knee implant designs, such as single- radius-, dual-radius-, or multiple-radius-designs. Single-radius-designs have a fixed flexion-extension axis. Dual-radius-designs consist of a larger distal and smaller posterior radius aiming a higher congruence during low flexion (high loading) and lower congruence at high flexion angles (high mobility). Multi-radius-designs try to mimic a physiological roll-glide ratio. However, the description of these circles is usually not standardized. A summary of different measurement methods was given by Nuno and Ahmed [4].Thereby, the radii are very sensitive regarding the length of the fitting arc [5] and position of the sagittal plane [3]. Nuno and Ahmed [3] found that medial and lateral condyles can be adequately described by two-circular arcs and proposed a quantitative description. However, the posterior limits of their arcs were not considered individually, the anterior limits were defined based on soft-tissue measurements (anterior margins of the menisci), and the sagittal plane was positioned at the posterior extreme points, which might be inadequate in arthritic knees.The goal of this study was to automatically analyse the medial and lateral sagittal profiles of the femoral condyles mathematically by two-circular arcs in a standardized and robust fashion.

scholarly journals Design and Characterization of a Novel Knee Articulation Mechanism

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Olinski ◽  
A. Gronowicz ◽  
A. Handke ◽  
M. Ceccarelli
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Knee Rehabilitation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Adjustable Mechanism ◽  
Centre Of Rotation ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Supporting Device

Abstract The paper is focused on designing a novel controllable and adjustable mechanism for reproducing human knee joint’s complex motion by taking into account the flexion/extension movement in the sagittal plane, in combination with roll and slide. Main requirements for a knee rehabilitation supporting device are specified by researching the knee’s anatomy and already existing mechanisms. A three degree of freedom (3 DOF) system (four-bar like linkage with controlled variable lengths of rockers) is synthesised to perform the reference path of instantaneous centre of rotation (ICR). Finally, a preliminary design of the adaptive mechanism is elaborated and a numerical model is built in Adams. Numerical results are derived from simulations that are presented to evaluate the accuracy of the reproduced movement and the mechanism’s capabilities.

A Novel Training Bike and Camera System to Evaluate Pose of Cyclists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raman Garimella ◽  
Koen Beyers ◽  
Thomas Peeters ◽  
Stijn Verwulgen ◽  
Seppe Sels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Flexion Extension

Abstract Aerodynamic drag force can account for up to 90% of the opposing force experienced by a cyclist. Therefore, aerodynamic testing and efficiency is a priority in cycling. An inexpensive method to optimize performance is required. In this study, we evaluate a novel indoor setup as a tool for aerodynamic pose training. The setup consists of a bike, indoor home trainer, camera, and wearable inertial motion sensors. A camera calculates frontal area of the cyclist and the trainer varies resistance to the cyclist by using this as an input. To guide a cyclist to assume an optimal pose, joint angles of the body are an objective metric. To track joint angles, two methods were evaluated: optical (RGB camera for the two-dimensional angles in sagittal plane of 6 joints), and inertial sensors (wearable sensors for three-dimensional angles of 13 joints). One (1) male amateur cyclist was instructed to recreate certain static and dynamic poses on the bike. The inertial sensors provide excellent results (absolute error = 0.28°) for knee joint. Based on linear regression analysis, frontal area can be best predicted (correlation > 0.4) by chest anterior/posterior tilt, pelvis left/right rotation, neck flexion/extension, chest left/right rotation, and chest left/right lateral tilt (p < 0.01).

scholarly journals The Effect of Kinesiotape on Flexion-Extension of the Thoracolumbar Back in Horses at Trot

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Cajsa Ericson ◽  
Pernilla Stenfeldt ◽  
Aagje Hardeman ◽  
Inger Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Optical Motion Capture

Kinesiotape theoretically stimulates mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive sensory pathways that in turn may modulate the neuromuscular activity and locomotor function, so alteration of activation, locomotion and/or range of motion (ROM) can be achieved. The aim of this study was to determine whether kinesiotape applied to the abdominal muscles would affect the ROM in flexion-extension (sagittal plane) in the thoracolumbar back of horses at trot. The study design was a paired experimental study, with convenient sample. Each horse was randomly placed in the control or the intervention group and then the order reversed. Eight horses trotted at their own preferred speed in hand on a straight line, 2 × 30 m. Optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data. Paired t-tests, normality tests and 1-Sample Wilcoxon test were used to assess the effects of the kinesiotape. No statistical significance (p < 0.05) for changes in flexion-extension of the thoracolumbar back in trot was shown in this group of horses. Some changes were shown indicating individual movement strategies in response to stimuli from the kinesiotape. More research in this popular and clinically used method is needed to fully understand the reacting mechanisms in horses.

scholarly journals SPINAL RANGE OF MOTION AND BACK PAIN IN FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS DURING BACK WALKOVERS AND BACK HANDSPRINGS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0022
Author(s):  
Emily A Sweeney ◽  
Morgan N Potter ◽  
Richard E Pimentel ◽  
James J Carollo ◽  
David R Howell
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Spinal Motion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
History Of

Background: Back pain is a common complaint among gymnasts. Gymnastics skills require large amounts of spine flexion, extension, rotation and compression. The combination of these movements in a repetitive fashion during gymnastics may contribute to the development of back pain. Gymnasts perform unique skills on various equipment and surfaces, which makes their movements difficult to evaluate using traditional movement analysis approaches. Hypothesis/Purpose: Our purpose was to measure gymnasts’ movement patterns in their native environment using wearable sensors. Specifically, we examined spine range of motion (ROM) during back walkovers (BWO) and back handsprings (BHS) on the floor and balance beam. We hypothesized that female youth gymnasts with a recent history of back pain would have larger spine ROM compared to gymnasts without back pain when performing these skills. Methods: Female artistic gymnasts ages 8 to 18 years in the Junior Olympic USA Gymnastics program participated in the study. We grouped gymnasts into two groups: those having back pain within the past 12 months and those with no reported back pain in the past 12 months. Gymnasts performed 3 repetitions of BWO and BHS on floor and balance beam while wearing APDM Opal V2 wearable sensors. A BWO requires a controlled bridge kickover while a BHS requires the athlete to jump backwards to her hands (Figure 1). Spine kinematics were then processed via Moveo Explorer. Valid spine sagittal plane maximums, minimums, and ROM of each skill repetition were compared between groups via Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance. Results: Seventeen participants (6 with back pain) completed BWOs and BHSs with acceptable sensor data. There were no demographic differences between the two groups for age, height, weight, competition level, or years of experience (p≥0.129, Table 1). During BWO skills, gymnasts with back pain had greater peak extension and greater ROM in the sagittal plane of the spine (p≤0.032, Figure 2). There were no differences between groups in peak extension, peak flexion, or ROM during BHS skills (p≥0.054, Figure 2). Conclusion: Gymnasts with a history of back pain had increased spinal motion when performing BWO skills. To perform a BWO, gymnasts must have higher levels of shoulder, spine, and hip flexibility, which may relate to back pain. This study suggests the need for future studies to evaluate if increased spinal motion during gymnastics is a contributing factor to the development of back pain. [Figure: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]

Influence of an artificial cervical joint compared with fusion on adjacent-level motion in the treatment of degenerative cervical disc disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispin Wigfield ◽  
Steven Gill ◽  
Richard Nelson ◽  
Ilana Langdon ◽  
Newton Metcalf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interbody Fusion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Autologous Bone Graft ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Adjacent Level ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors report the preservation of motion at surgically treated and adjacent spinal segments after placing an artificial cervical joint (ACJ) and they describe the influence of interbody fusion on changes in angulation occurring in the sagittal plane at adjacent levels in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Methods. The authors conducted a prospective nonrandomized study of patients in whom an ACJ was placed or autologous bone graft interbody fusion was performed. Angular measurements at levels adjacent to that surgically treated were calculated using plain flexion—extension radiographs obtained at 6-month intervals. Analyses of qualitative data, such as increase or decrease in adjacent-level motion, and the degree of disc degeneration were performed. Quantitative data were also analyzed. In the fusion group a significant increase in adjacent-level movement was demonstrated at the 12-month follow-up visit compared with the group of patients in whom ACJs were placed (p < 0.001). The increase in movement occurred predominantly at intervertebral discs that were preoperatively regarded as normal (p < 0.02). An overall reduction in adjacent-level movement was observed in patients who underwent joint replacement, although this was compensated for by the movement provided by the ACJ itself. Conclusions. Fusion results in increased motion at adjacent levels. The increase in adjacent-level motion derives from those discs that appear radiologically normal prior to surgery. It remains unknown whether ACJs have a protective influence on adjacent intervertebral discs.

A Three-Dimensional Morphometrical Study of the Distal Human Femur

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Zoghi ◽  
M S Hefzy ◽  
K C Fu ◽  
W T Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Distal Femur ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Average Radius ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Circular Arcs ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Circular Base

The objective of this paper is to present a method to describe the three-dimensional variations of the geometry of the three portions forming the distal part of the human femur: the medial and lateral femoral condyles and the intercondylar fossa. The contours of equally spaced sagittal slices were digitized on the distal femur to determine its surface topography. Data collection was performed using a digitizer system which utilizes low-frequency, magnetic field technology to determine the position and orientation of a magnetic field sensor in relation to a specified reference frame. The generalized reduced gradient optimization method was used to reconstruct the profile of each slice utilizing two primitives: straight-line segments and circular arcs. The profile of each slice within the medial femoral condyle was reconstructed using two circular arcs: posterior and distal. The profile of each slice within the lateral femoral condyle was reconstructed using three circular arcs: posterior, distal and anterior. Finally, the profile of each slice within the intercondylar fossa was reconstructed using two circular arcs: proximal-posterior and anterior, and a distal-posterior straight-line segment tangent to the proximal-posterior circular arc. Combining the data describing the profiles of the different slices forming the distal femur, the posterior portions of each of the medial and lateral femoral condyles were modelled using parts of spheres having an average radius of 20 mm. The anterior portion of the lateral condyle was approximated to a right cylinder having its circular base parallel to the sagittal plane with an average radius of 26 mm. The anterior portion of the intercondylar fossa was modelled using an oblique cylinder having its circular base parallel to the sagittal plane with an average radius of 22 mm. Furthermore, it is suggested that the distal portion of the lateral femoral condyle could be modelled using parts of two oblique cones while the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle could be modelled using a part of a single oblique cone, all cones having their circular bases parallel to the sagittal plane. It is also suggested that the posterior portion of the intercondylar fossa could be modelled using two oblique cones: a proximal cone having its base parallel to the sagittal plane and a distal cone having its base parallel to the frontal plane.

A Model of Human Knee Ligaments in the Sagittal Plane: Part 2: Fibre Recruitment under Load

1992 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Zavatsky ◽  
J J O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Geometric Analysis ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Compatibility Conditions ◽  
Knee Ligaments ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Passive Flexion ◽  
Tibial Translation ◽  
Anterior Posterior

A mathematical model of the knee ligaments in the sagittal plane is used to study the forces in the cruciate and collateral ligaments produced by anterior/posterior tibial translation. The model is based on ligament fibre functional architecture. Geometric analysis of the deformed configurations of the model ligaments provides the additional compatibility conditions necessary for calculation of the statically indeterminate distributions of strain and stress within the ligaments and the sharing of load between ligaments. The investigation quantifies the process of ligament fibre recruitment, which occurs when fibres made slack by passive flexion/extension of the knee stretch and change their spatial positions in order to resist applied loads. The calculated ligament forces are in reasonable agreement with experimental results reported in the literature. The model explains some subtleties of ligament function not incorporated in models that represent the ligaments by a small number of lines.

Comparison of Lumbopelvic Coordination between Trunk Flexion and Extension

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 937-941
Author(s):  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Xiaopeng Ning
Keyword(s):  
Relative Phase ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Continuous Relative Phase ◽  
Phase Variability ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
Flexion And Extension

Lumbopelvic coordination describes the relative contributions of lumbar and pelvis to the total trunk flexion/extension motion, which has been identified as a major influential factor to spinal loading. The current study investigated the differences in lumbopelvic coordination between trunk flexion and extension. Thirteen subjects performed pace-controlled trunk flexion/extension motions in the sagittal plane while lumbopelvic continuous relative phase and phase variability were quantified. The results demonstrated that compared with trunk extension, lumbopelvic continuous relative phase and phase variability were 28% and 117% greater in trunk flexion motion, respectively, which indicated a more anti-phase and unstable coordination pattern. Quantifying these coordination patterns helps identifying abnormal patterns and serves as normative benchmarks during low back pain rehabilitation.

scholarly journals A three dimensional multiplane kinematic model for bilateral hind limb gait analysis in cats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Brown ◽  
Gina E. Bertocci ◽  
Kimberly A. Cheffer ◽  
Dena R. Howland
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Plane Model ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Joint Flexion

AbstractBackground: Kinematic gait analysis is an important noninvasive technique used for quantitative evaluation and description of locomotion and other movements in healthy and injured populations. Three dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis offers additional outcome measures including internal-external rotation not characterized using sagittal plane analysis techniques.Methods: The objectives of this study were to 1) develop and evaluate a 3D hind limb multiplane kinematic model for gait analysis in cats using joint coordinate systems, 2) implement and compare two 3D stifle (knee) prediction techniques, and 3) compare flexion-extension determined using the multiplane model to a sagittal plane model. Walking gait was recorded in 3 female adult cats (age = 2.9 years, weight = 3.5 ± 0.2 kg). Kinematic outcomes included flexion-extension, internal-external rotation, and abduction-adduction of the hip, stifle, and tarsal (ankle) joints.Results: Each multiplane stifle prediction technique yielded similar findings. Joint angles determined using markers placed on skin above bony landmarks in vivo were similar to joint angles determined using a feline hind limb skeleton in which markers were placed directly on landmarks ex vivo. Differences in hip, stifle, and tarsal joint flexion-extension were demonstrated when comparing the multiplane model to the sagittal plane model.Conclusions: This multiplane cat kinematic model can predict joint rotational kinematics as a tool that can quantify frontal, transverse, and sagittal plane motion. This model has multiple advantages given its ability to characterize joint internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction. A further, important benefit is greater accuracy in representing joint flexion-extension movements.

Variations in the sagittal plane precede the development of scoliosis: a proof of concept

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S de Reuver ◽  
JF Homans ◽  
TPC Schlosser ◽  
S Pasha ◽  
MC Kruyt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Sagittal Profile ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion ◽  
Thoracic Scoliosis ◽  
Lumbar Scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis in man is believed to be related to the unique human sagittal profile. Patients with a thoracic scoliosis have a longer, more proximal, posteriorly inclined segment of the spine as compared to lumbar scoliosis and controls, whereas patients with a lumbar scoliosis have a more caudal, shorter and steeper posteriorly inclined segment. In 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, half of the patients develop a scoliosis that is very similar to idiopathic scoliosis and may serve as a model for the general population. In our center, all patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome older than 6 years receive standardized radiographic spine imaging every 2 years to screen for scoliosis. In this prospective proof-of-principle study the goal was to determine whether there are differences in sagittal alignment between patients that develop scoliosis vs. controls before the onset of scoliosis, and obtain data to perform a power calculation for future studies. To capture the sagittal shape of the spine into one risk factor for development for scoliosis, we combined relative length and magnitude of dorsal inclination into a new parameter: the posterior inclined triangle surface (PITS). We included 31 patients with initially straight spines, five developed a thoracic scoliosis and seven developed a (thoraco)lumbar scoliosis after a mean follow-up of 3.4 years. The PITS was considerably higher in the group that developed scoliosis as compared to the controls (59 vs 43). Based on this pilot study, we have identified a potential overall sagittal profile risk parameter for the development of idiopathic scoliosis.

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