scholarly journals Transition Trauma Metaphor in Transgender Narrative

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Martynyuk
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Black South African ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Transition Experience ◽  
New Interpretation

This study combines methodological tools of conceptual metaphor theory and narrative psychology with theoretical assumptions of the intersubjective psycholinguistic approach to meaning to explore instantiations of transition narrative metaphors in 16 TED talks given by transgender people and posted on the TED platform within the period between January 2013 and July 2020. The speakers are aged from 20 to 70; 8 males and 8 females; 2 black and 9 white Americans, 2 Filipinos, 1 black South-African, 1 Puerto Rican, and 1 white Australian. The study offers a new interpretation of narrative metaphor based on the intersubjective model of meaning. Within this model, narrative metaphor is conceived as extended conceptual metaphor instantiated in a number of multimodal metaphoric expressions made coherent by the textual, social, cultural, and historical context of the narrative, but primarily by its interactive situational context, which includes the audience into the narrative through empathy and gives them power to change the narrative. The research reveals that all the 16 analysed narratives rest on the TRANSITION IS CONTEST narrative metaphor that represents a conflict between positive self-evaluation of transition by a transgender individual and its negative evaluation / unacceptance by the society, which makes transition a traumatic experience. The density of words and phrases instantiating the CONTEST metaphor in the 16 narratives varies from 2,5 to 3 % which means that they are key linguistic expressions of the narratives. The CONTEST metaphor provides a deeper insight into transgender transition compared to the JOURNEY/TRAVEL metaphor found to represent transition experience in existing cognitive linguistic and transgender studies. The JOURNEY/TRAVEL metaphor fails to grasp the intersubjective and, consequently, traumatic nature of transition experience. The results of the research suggest that narrative as well as narrative metaphor can be given a more accurate interpretation if they are approached from the intersubjective perspective, which reflects their true nature as socially and culturally shaped interactive phenomena. 

A New Interpretation of Hume's ‘Of Miracles’

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Slupik
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
New Interpretation

It has often been suggested (1) that according to Hume it is impossible in principle for testimony to prove a miracle, and (2) that an indispensable element in Hume's argument is the claim that a miracle is by definition a violation of the laws of nature. I argue that both (1) and (2) are mistaken, and that, once Hume's ‘Of Miracles’ is viewed in a proper historical context, it emerges that Hume's argument against miracles is considerably different from what is usually supposed.

scholarly journals Beijerinck's work on tobacco mosaic virus: historical context and legacy

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1383) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bos
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Animal Virus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
History Of

Beijerinck's entirely new concept, launched in 1898, of a filterable contagium vivum fluidum which multiplied in close association with the host's metabolism and was distributed in phloem vessels together with plant nutrients, did not match the then prevailing bacteriological germ theory. At the time, tools and concepts to handle such a new kind of agent (the viruses) were non–existent. Beijerinck's novel idea, therefore, did not revolutionize biological science or immediately alter human understanding of contagious diseases. That is how bacteriological dogma persisted, as voiced by Loeffler and Frosch when showing the filterability of an animal virus (1898), and especially by Ivanovsky who had already in 1892 detected filterability of the agent of tobacco mosaic but kept looking for a microbe and finally (1903) claimed its multiplication in an artificial medium. The dogma was also strongly advocated by Roux in 1903, when writing the first review on viruses, which he named ‘so–called “invisible” microbes’, unwittingly including the agent of bovine pleuropneumonia, only much later proved to be caused by a mycoplasma. In 1904, Baur was the first to advocate strongly the chemical view of viruses. But uncertainty about the true nature of viruses, with their similarities to enzymes and genes, continued until the 1930s when at long last tobacco mosaic virus particles were isolated as an enzyme–like protein (1935), soon to be better characterized as a nucleoprotein (1937). Physicochemical virus studies were a key element in triggering molecular biology which was to provide further means to reveal the true nature of viruses ‘at the threshold of life’. Beijerinck's 1898 vision was not appreciated or verified during his lifetime. But Beijerinck already had a clear notion of the mechanism behind the phenomena he observed. Developments in virology and molecular biology since 1935 indicate how close Beijerinck (and even Mayer, Beijerinck's predecessor in research on tobacco mosaic) had been to the mark. The history of research on tobacco mosaic and the commitments of Mayer, Beijerinck and others demonstrate that progress in science is not only a matter of mere technology but of philosophy as well. Raemaekers' Mayer cartoon, inspired by Beijerinck, artistically represents the crucial question about the reliability of our images of reality, and about the scope of our technological interference with nature.

Problematic “Idiosyncrasies”: Rediscovering the Historical Context of D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson's Science of Form

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Research Program ◽  
International Research ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Organismal Biology ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
International Research Program

ArgumentD’Arcy Thompson has often been portrayed as a loner. His science of form has frequently been labeled anachronistic, idiosyncratic, and unconnected to his contemporary biology. This article aims to challenge this interpretation. Thompson's representation as a loner did not lie in the idiosyncrasies of his science, but in our own historiography. Through the use of unedited archival sources, this study shows that Thompson's biology was well-connected to an international research program – a program mainly shared by developmental biologists, physiologists, and morphologists. In addition, this article also aims to propose a new interpretation of Thompson'sOn Growth and Form. Drawing on his private correspondence and published sources, the paper re-contextualizes the contents and conclusions of Thompson's seminal work. We will see that Thompson defended a particular kind of organismal biology. The bio-science he supported stemmed not only from Aristotle's zoology or Pythagorean mathematics, but had many allies among twentieth-century naturalists.

A Series of Footnotes to Plato's Philosophers

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Science ◽  
True Nature ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Political Communities

AbstractIn her magisterial Plato's Philosophers, Catherine Zuckert presents a radically new interpretation of Plato's dialogues. In doing so, she insists we must overcome reading them through the lens of Aristotle, whose influence has obscured the true nature of Plato's philosophy. However, in her works dealing with Aristotle's political science, Zuckert indicates several advantages of his approach to understanding politics. In this article, I explore the reasons why Zuckert finds Aristotle a problematic guide to Plato's philosophy as well as what she sees as the character and benefits of Aristotle's political theory. I conclude by suggesting a possible reconciliation between Zuckert's Aristotle and her Plato, insofar as both the Socrates whom Plato made his hero and Aristotle agree that political communities will rarely direct citizens toward virtue by means of law and that we must instead look to informal means of doing so.

scholarly journals The Myth of Batman: Intra- and Interdiscursive Transformations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-88
Author(s):  
Arina A. Kutovaia ◽  
Ekaterina V. Mikhailovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Multimodal Discourse ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Basic Constituent

The study focuses on the multimodal discourse of the superhero Batman which is viewed as both a corpus of texts about Batman and a process of their development in various media, such as comics, animation, film, video games. Since the launch of the 1930s’ comics, the discourse has been incessantly developing, getting more and more intertwined with technology and new technology-based arts and industries. The evolution of the discourse can also be accounted for by the changing needs of the audience, as well as the shifts in the audience itself. At present, Batman discourse is comprised of a vast number of media texts, which intersect and influence each other. Each of these presents a new interpretation of the myth, based on the reesthetisization of basic constituent codes. The research aims to cover some aspects that define Batman as a cultural phenomenon of today, such as Batman as part of contemporary mythology and its relatability to the contemporary historical context, authorship in both the multimodal discourse and its media subdiscourses, intertextual and interdiscursive transformations.

scholarly journals Adrian Pushkin: Perm experience of the bureaucratic messiahship

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
A.V. Bushmakov ◽  
S.V. Riazanova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Folk Narratives ◽  
Solovetsky Monastery

This paper presents to the reader’s attention a unique case of a local “messianic” prophecy which combines features of folk religious movements and principles of functioning of the bureaucratic machine. The manuscripts of civil servant and merchant Adrian Pushkin, who lived in the 19th century in the city of Perm (Kama region, West-ern Ural), are considered as a variation of development of popular religion which includes a messianic-apocalyptic narrative. This places the provincial clerk closely to founders of the alternative to the official Orthodox discourse movements in the Russian Empire, as well as new religious movements of the later period. The aim of this paper is to determine the place and the role of Pushkin’s revelation in the religious space of that historical period. The main sources of the research are local archival documents which include business correspondence, personal letters, photographs, also documents related to Pushkin’s psychiatric examination and his subsequent expulsion to the Solovetsky Monastery, letters and family photos of the “prophet”, and service notes. The research method is based on the phenomenological approach with elements of hermeneutical analysis. The new revelation was founded on biblical text well known to the Perm messiah, and its content was provided by the social and historical context. The targeted audience for the new prophet was the middle strata of the society, comfortable for him. The preferred way of communication involved the tools of the bureaucratic system of pre-revolutionary Russia. The development of the new interpretation of Christian teaching was based on individual choice of the revelator and mediated by already initiated processes of secularization of public life. Traditional narratives and imagery of the sacred books of the Orthodox tradition were placed by the messiah-bureaucrat in the context of local space of the region and the country, and were interpreted through realities of personal life. Open criticism of the official Church was combined with a complex of mythological ideas. The main accents of the prophetic text were apocalyptic and chiliastic, related to the personal and professional crisis experienced by the author. The latter was triggered by the abolition of serfdom and destruction of the habitual environment and self-realization system. The style and con-tent of Pushkin’s text represent a mixture of theological concepts and elements of folk narratives based on the biblical tradition. As a result of the textual development, the signature myth was formed, rooted formally in Chris-tian dogmas and associated with folk religious culture.

scholarly journals POETRY BY DZIGA VERTOV AND ANATOLY MARIENHOF: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-140
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Yu. Belash
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Main Technique ◽  
Dziga Vertov ◽  
Personal Histories

The article focuses on a comparative analysis of poems written by Dziga Vertov and Anatoly Marienhof. Despite the fact that the two poets were not acquainted and there is no documentary evidence of their mutual influence, they share a number of similarities in the development of their lives and artistic endeavours, in which the cultural and historical context of their era was reflected. The authors’ early writings share a common cutting technique. Montage became the main technique for describing both the rapidly changing reality of the post-revolutionary era and the fragmentation of the world and consciousness. That explains the duality of the protagonist and the appearance of the image of a buffoon. The similarity between Marienhof’s early poems and Vertov’s ones is also revealed in the predominant tragicomic tone, which is conditioned by the perception of the Revolution as a traumatic experience. Similarity can also be traced in the composition of images: it is cutting again that they use while organizing their metaphors (separate images are combined by thematic or associative links). In later works Marienhof and Vertov reevaluate their personal histories, using the antithesis of “now” and “then”, which shows a tragic turn in the lives of both artists. Apart from that, they turn from avant-garde poetic forms to more traditional ones. Thus, the article explores important stylistic, ideological, and biographical correlations in the work of two Russian avant-gardists.

scholarly journals The October Revolution as the Passion of Christ: Boris Pasternak’s Easter Narrative in Doctor Zhivago and Its Cultural Contexts

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Svetlana Efimova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
End Of History ◽  
Condensed Representation ◽  
Cyclical Time ◽  
Historical Cycles ◽  
New Interpretation

This article offers a new interpretation of Boris Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago in the cultural and historical context of the first half of the 20th century, with an emphasis on the interrelationship between religion and philosophy of history in the text. Doctor Zhivago is analysed as a condensed representation of a religious conception of Russian history between 1901 and 1953 and as a cyclical repetition of the Easter narrative. This bipartite narrative consists of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ as symbols of violence and renewal (liberation). The novel cycles through this narrative several times, symbolically connecting the ‘Easter’ revolution (March 1917) and the Thaw (the spring of 1953). The sources of Pasternak’s Easter narrative include the Gospels, Leo Tolstoy’s philosophy of history and pre-Christian mythology. The model of cyclical time in the novel brings together the sacred, natural and historical cycles. This concept of a cyclical renewal of life differs from the linear temporality of the Apocalypse as an expectation of the end of history.

scholarly journals The Concept of space-time quanta in future technologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Maydykovskiy ◽  
◽  
Petra Užpelkis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
Interference Structure ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Longitudinal Waves ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Physical Essence ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
Asymmetric Interference

The article discusses the possibility of using the technological advantages that appear in connection with the discovery of the physical essence of Time and new interpretation of the structure of space in the form of space-time quanta. One of the problems that can be successfully solved on the basis of the new physical model is the problem of establishing the true nature of gravity. The solution to this problem is directly related to the implementation of the idea of unsupported motion based on the interaction in a certain way of the created asymmetric interference structure of longitudinal waves with the natural structure of spatial frequencies.

scholarly journals Cognitive Competences of English Language Teachers and Their Impact on Use of Teaching Methods with Learners at Lower Secondary School

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-68
Author(s):  
Jana Harťanská ◽  
Zuzana Muchálová
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
English Language ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Lower Secondary School ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction: The paper discusses the term cognitive competence of foreign language teachers and focuses on their application in practice. It also deals with possible impact of cognitive competences on choice of teaching methods. The paper identifies a list of the cognitive competences which are both expected and needed when conducting English lessons.Methods: For the purposes of the survey, the qualitative method of direct observation was chosen. To maximise valid information about the taught lesson, identical observation and self-evaluation sheets had to be designed first. The findings are analysed, compared, and conclusions drawn for school practice.Results: The survey data show which cognitive competences the teachers of English language use the most and the least when the teaching of pre-intermediate learners from two grades was observed at lower secondary school. The main findings also highlight the necessity of using a wider variety of more up-to date teaching methods and approaches suitable for both target grades of learners, in contrast to still prevailing traditional ones.Discussion: It needs to be admitted that the authors of this paper are not aware of works which deal with similar research of cognitive competences. Though many authors write about social, key and teaching competences in general, cognitive competences are still a kind of Pandora’s box. It is recommended both that deeper research be undertaken in this field and that teachers pay more attention not only to relevant theoretical knowledge within, for example, courses of continual professional development, but also to the impact on their learners’ performance of the cognitive competences being used.Limitations: The authors are aware of the limited number of observed lessons due to objective reasons such as the reluctance of some teachers to participate in the survey. The survey sample of four observed lessons is too small to enable definitive, generalisable statements to be made about the use of cognitive competences and the appropriateness of teaching methods. Additional, observed lessons would yield more valuable and valid results.Conclusion: The survey proves that cognitive competences are a necessary part of teachers’ personalities and abilities and their usage can depend on the proficiency level of learners of English language. The authors assert that the topic of cognitive competences and their impact in foreign language teaching has still not been explored in detail. It is an interesting area involving active metacognitive and cognitive functions influenced by many factors which tend to change according to the teacher’s historical context. This idiographic survey for the purposes of a graduation thesis carried out in a small town school can be regarded as a modest contribution to the topic.

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