Eclogites in the mantle: T, P and FO2 equilibrium conditions and depths of formation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Conditions

Direct measurement of dynamical membrane permeabilities, under maintained non-equilibrium conditions

1979 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Delmotte ◽  
Jean François Mourey ◽  
Jacques Chanu
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Membrane Permeabilities ◽  
Non Equilibrium

A Theory of Patronized Goods: Inefficient and Efficient Equilibria

2011 ◽  
pp. 65-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Policy Issues

The article considers some aspects of the patronized goods theory with respect to efficient and inefficient equilibria. The author analyzes specific features of patronized goods as well as their connection with market failures, and conjectures that they are related to the emergence of Pareto-inefficient Nash equilibria. The key problem is the analysis of the opportunities for transforming inefficient Nash equilibrium into Pareto-optimal Nash equilibrium for patronized goods by modifying the institutional environment. The paper analyzes social motivation for institutional modernization and equilibrium conditions in the generalized Wicksell-Lindahl model for patronized goods. The author also considers some applications of patronized goods theory to social policy issues.

Flow Chemistry Controls Both Self-Assembly and the Entrapped Oscillatory Cargo in Belousov-Zhabotinsky Driven Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liman Hou ◽  
Marta Dueñas-Diez ◽  
Rohit Srivastava ◽  
Juan Perez-Mercader
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Bz Reaction ◽  
Polymer Vesicles ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor

<p></p><p>Belousov-Zhabotinsky (B-Z) reaction driven polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA), or B-Z PISA, is a novel method for the autonomous one-pot synthesis of polymer vesicles from a macroCTA (macro chain transfer agent) and monomer solution (“soup”) containing the above and the BZ reaction components. In it, the polymerization is driven (and controlled) by periodically generated radicals generated in the oscillations of the B-Z reaction. These are inhibitor/activator radicals for the polymerization. Until now B-Z PISA has only been carried out in batch reactors. In this manuscript we present the results of running the system using a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) configuration which offers some interesting advantages.Indeed, by controlling the CSTR parameters we achieve reproducible and simultaneous control of the PISA process and of the properties of the oscillatory cargo encapsulated in the resulting vesicles. Furthermore, the use of flow chemistry enables a more precise morphology control and chemical cargo tuning. Finally, in the context of biomimetic applications a CSTR operation mimics more closely the open non-equilibrium conditions of living systems and their surrounding environments.</p><p></p>

Is Government Growth Inevitable?

2019 ◽  
pp. 587-604
Author(s):  
Randall G. Holcombe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Government Growth ◽  
Equilibrium Size ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The U.S

Despite massive worldwide growth of government in the twentieth century, there have been periods in the U.S. and other countries when growth has slowed or reversed. Government growth is not inevitable. Explanations of government growth fall into three major categories. Path-dependent theories emphasize factors that continually push the size of government up, so the current size is in part a function of its past size. Theories about the equilibrium size of government explain why government is big, but not why government grows. If equilibrium conditions change, that can produce government growth. Theories also describe ideological shifts that cause people to want, or at least accept, bigger governments. All these explanations could have an effect on government growth. However, none appears to be persuasive enough to explain all the growth that occurred.

scholarly journals A time-domain phase diagram of metastable states in a charge ordered quantum material

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ravnik ◽  
Michele Diego ◽  
Yaroslav Gerasimenko ◽  
Yevhenii Vaskivskyi ◽  
Igor Vaskivskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Metastable States ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractMetastable self-organized electronic states in quantum materials are of fundamental importance, displaying emergent dynamical properties that may be used in new generations of sensors and memory devices. Such states are typically formed through phase transitions under non-equilibrium conditions and the final state is reached through processes that span a large range of timescales. Conventionally, phase diagrams of materials are thought of as static, without temporal evolution. However, many functional properties of materials arise as a result of complex temporal changes in the material occurring on different timescales. Hitherto, such properties were not considered within the context of a temporally-evolving phase diagram, even though, under non-equilibrium conditions, different phases typically evolve on different timescales. Here, by using time-resolved optical techniques and femtosecond-pulse-excited scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we track the evolution of the metastable states in a material that has been of wide recent interest, the quasi-two-dimensional dichalcogenide 1T-TaS2. We map out its temporal phase diagram using the photon density and temperature as control parameters on timescales ranging from 10−12 to 103 s. The introduction of a time-domain axis in the phase diagram enables us to follow the evolution of metastable emergent states created by different phase transition mechanisms on different timescales, thus enabling comparison with theoretical predictions of the phase diagram, and opening the way to understanding of the complex ordering processes in metastable materials.

Equilibrium Conditions in Beach Wave Interaction

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Raman ◽  
John J. Earattupuzha
Keyword(s):  
Wave Interaction ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions

scholarly journals Travelling colourful patterns in self-organized cellulose-based liquid crystalline structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro E. S. Silva ◽  
Ricardo Chagas ◽  
Susete N. Fernandes ◽  
Pawel Pieranski ◽  
Robin L. B. Selinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Self Organized

AbstractCellulose-based systems are useful for many applications. However, the issue of self-organization under non-equilibrium conditions, which is ubiquitous in living matter, has scarcely been addressed in cellulose-based materials. Here, we show that quasi-2D preparations of a lyotropic cellulose-based cholesteric mesophase display travelling colourful patterns, which are generated by a chemical reaction-diffusion mechanism being simultaneous with the evaporation of solvents at the boundaries. These patterns involve spatial and temporal variation in the amplitude and sign of the helix´s pitch. We propose a simple model, based on a reaction-diffusion mechanism, which simulates the observed spatiotemporal colour behaviour.

Interaction of a Whirling Rotor with a Vibrating Stator across a Clearance Annulus

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Black
Keyword(s):  
Dry Friction ◽  
Ball Bearing ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
Mass Unbalance ◽  
Jump Phenomena ◽  
Rotor Stator Interaction ◽  
Rotor Mass

Where a rotor runs within a clearance space, the clearance being comparable with rotor mass unbalance, the synchronous whirling behaviour of the rotor may be considerably affected by intermittent interaction with the stator at the clearance position. Discontinuity and jump phenomena may occur: in general, behaviour will be different with increasing speed from that with decreasing speed, and in either case zones may exist in which rotor-stator interaction is possible but not certain. In the analysis here presented, rotor and stator are regarded as linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems including damping; dry friction at the clearance space is taken into account. Discussion is limited to cases with radial symmetry, and interaction is assumed limited to the position of the clearance space. Polar receptances are used to establish equilibrium conditions with interaction, and speed zones are defined within which interaction may occur. Some hypothetical cases are fully explored, demonstrating that rotor-stator interactions may occur in a variety of forms and circumstances. Interactions with dry friction counterwhirling are also considered. Some experimental results on counterwhirl within a ball bearing are given and qualitatively compared with theory.

Vibration of Beams with a Single Delamination under Axial Loading

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 477-480
Author(s):  
Dong Wei Shu
Keyword(s):  
Free Vibration ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Monotonic Relation

In this work analytical solutions are developed to study the free vibration of composite beams under axial loading. The beam with a single delamination is modeled as four interconnected Euler-Bernoulli beams using the delamination as their boundary. The continuity and the equilibrium conditions are satisfied between the adjoining beams. The studies show that the sizes and the locations of the delaminations significantly influence the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the beam. A monotonic relation between the natural frequency and the axial load is predicted.

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