why brazil did not develop a merchant marine; brazilian shipping and the world in the 19t h century

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte Holten
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Merchant Marine ◽  
The World ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
External Sector

The weak performance of the Brazilian merchant marine is surprising, as a huge external sector is normally expected to gohand in hand with the development of anational merchant marine. To elucidate this question, the article proposes an analysis and discussion of the development of the Brazilian merchant marine in the nineteenth century. The early focus on the extremely specialized importation of African slaves led to a near abandon of long distance shipping when this trade was banned in 1830. The same tendency to desist from exterior shipping can also be found in the United States in the late 19th century. A comparison of the two countries demonstrates, that the need for developing the national territory and for providing transportation facilities for the growing interior economies diverted the concentration from exterior ventures tonational ones.

scholarly journals Interpretation of the image of the Goddess Tara by Zanabazar compared to that by his predecesors and followers (from Sri Lanka to Siberia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-378
Author(s):  
S.-K. D. Syrtypova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Spiritual Relationship

In continuation of the study of the art heritage of Zanabazar (1635–1723), we have traced the connection between the textual and art systems of the Buddhist cult ofTaragoddess. This goddess was of particular importance for the master Zanabazar. In his turn, Zanabazar was recognized as the incarnation of the great Tibetan scholar Jetsun Taranatha (1575–1634), whose name means “Protected byTara”. Undur-Gegen Zanabazar had deep spiritual relationship with the Savior Goddess both from his previous incarnations as well as directly transmitted by his teachers, especially the IV Panchen Lama Lobsan Choiky Gyaltsen (1570–1662). The article deals with outstanding sculptural images of Tara by Dzanabazar and also by the artists of earlier times and by the followers of his style who came fromSri Lanka,Nepal,Tibet,Mongolia, Buryatia. The actual objects are currently preserved in various collections throughout the world. Among them that of the British Museum in London, the Metropolitan and the Rudin Museums in the United States, the Potala in Lhasa, the State Hermitage and the Russian Ethnographical Museum in St. Petersburg and Mongolian museums of Ulaanbaatar. Specific examples show how the canonical Buddhist standards of iconography were implemented under the influence of different regional ethnic craft traditions. The works by famous Buddhist artists, such as Sonam Gyaltsen (16th cent.), Choiing Dorje (1604–1664) as well as little-known Buryat masters of the late 19th  century were used to compare with the masterpieces by Zanabazar.

Beyond Trouillot

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-154
Author(s):  
Marlene L. Daut
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Writings

This essay explores the genealogy of historian and anthropologist Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s writings as related to broader trends in historical scholarship. The author suggests that it was through Silencing the Past’s acceptance and ascendance within the very North Atlantic “guild” that Trouillot deconstructs in his historical writings that the ideas of nineteenth-century Haitian historians such as Baron de Vastey, Hérard Dumesle, Beaubrun Ardouin, and Thomas Madiou produced an immeasurable influence on the direction of historical scholarship across the world. The author argues that the influence of these nineteenth-century Haitian authors can be seen everywhere in social history, especially in the concept of history from below, even though most historians in Europe and the United States have never even heard the names of these other Haitian authors.

To 1750

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American History ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
The Republic

IN THE LATTER part of the nineteenth century, east coast city dwellers in the United States had difficulty repressing a sense of their own persistent cultural inferiority vis-à-vis London and Paris. At the same time a great many old-stock Americans were dismayed by the stream of immigrants coming to these shores whose diversity called the future cohesion of the Republic into question almost as seriously as the issue of slavery had done in the decades before the Civil War. In such a climate of opinion, the unabashed provinciality of Frederick Jackson Turner's (1861-1932) paper "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered at a meeting of the newly founded American Historical Association in connection with the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1892), began within less than a decade to resound like a trumpet call, though whether it signalled advance or retreat remained profoundly ambiguous....

3. Global America

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-62
Author(s):  
Andrew Preston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Wealthy Country ◽  
The World ◽  
A Minor

By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had become the world’s preeminent economic power. Yet for such a large and wealthy country, by 1890 the United States was in a curious position: it was an economic colossus, but a diplomatic and military dwarf. In comparison to the great powers of Europe or Japan, America was a minor actor on the world stage. That would all soon change. ‘Global America’ explores two phenomena—globalization and world war—that brought America deeper into world affairs. By the end of the period, in 1919, the United States had become one of the greatest powers of the world—and yet refused to play its part.

The United States and China: Into the Twenty-First Century (Third Edition). By Michael Schaller. [New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 242 pp. Hard cover $45.00, ISBN 0-19-513758-2; paperback $23.95, ISBN 0-19-513759-0.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 523-525
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hard Cover

This useful textbook provides an overview of US–China relations between the late 19th century and the beginning of the 21st. It gives a clear chronology of events and covers the main events and issues in the relationship. It also embeds the description of these events and issues in the larger international and domestic contexts, allowing it to mesh easily with other textbooks that focus either on China's foreign relations in general or on its domestic developments.

Late 19th-Century Periodical Print Culture in the US–Mexico Border Region

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Kabalen de Bichara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Nuevo Leon ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Us Mexico Border

Hundreds of 19th-century newspapers and magazines published in the region of the US–Mexico border are housed in archival collections in Mexico and the United States, and they provide access to historical, cultural, and ideological perspectives involving two world spheres that are intimately connected. Archival collections in the following databases provide access to periodicals published in the United States as well as in Mexico: the Newspaper and Periodicals Collection at the National Autonomous University of Mexico; the Readex Collection of Hispanic American Newspapers, 1808–1980; the Nettie Lee Benson Library’s microfilmed collection of 19th-century independent newspapers; the digital collection of periodicals and magazines from the Capilla Alfonsina Biblioteca Universitaria and the Biblioteca Universitaria Raúl Rangel Frias, at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; and the EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collections, Series 1 and 2. These collections house digitized and microfilmed newspapers that include those published in the US states of California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas, as well as Mexican states such as Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. The region includes areas that share not only a physical border but also a cultural memory based on the effects of historical collisions that have contributed to the formation of new meanings regarding these world spheres that can be understood as two intersecting semiotic systems that exist as a continuum. The intersection of these spaces represents the transnational aspect of periodical print culture of the late 19th century that communicates worldviews that are semiotically and ideologically heterogeneous. Indeed, cultural spaces that exist in the borderland (or that symbolic space that forms a border or frontier in a cultural sense), are semiotic realities that unfold in unpredictable and indeterminate ways as a result of historical processes. Periodical print culture produced in the border region provides access to diverse social, cultural, political, and religious perspectives. Furthermore, the history of print culture involves a process of communication of both social and cultural history. As objects of study, borderland newspapers ultimately provide the basis for understanding the circulation of ideas.

Mind Cure and Mental Therapeutics in the Late 19th-Century United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schmit
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New England ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
New Thought ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Philosophy

Mind cure, or mental healing, was a late 19th-century American healing movement that extolled a metaphysical mind-over-matter approach to the treatment of illness. Emerging in New England in the mid-19th century out of a mix of mesmerism and metaphysical philosophies, due to its effectiveness, by the 1880s it achieved national recognition. Three individuals are credited with creating and popularizing mental (or metaphysical) healing: Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, Warren Felt Evans, and Mary Baker Eddy. Mind cure was appealing because it helped treat ailments for which the medicines of the day were ineffective, especially problems with the “nerves.” Mental healers employed non-invasive mental and spiritual methods to treat ailing people, called mental therapeutics. As a practice and therapeutic philosophy, mind cure is historically noteworthy because it shaped the earliest forms of psychotherapy in the United States, advanced therapeutic work within the realm of mind-body medicine, birthed the influential New Thought movement, and helped set the stage for the beginnings of religious pluralism and the positive reception of Asian meditation teachers in the West.

LGBTQ Issues and US Foreign Relations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Tiemeyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The impact of LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) issues on U.S. foreign relations is an understudied area, and only a handful of historians have addressed these issues in articles and books. Encounters with unexpected and condemnable (to European eyes) sexual behaviors and gender comportment arose from the first European forays into North America. As such, subduing heterodox sexual and gender expression has always been part of the colonizing endeavor in the so-called New World, tied in with the mission of civilizing and Christianizing the indigenous peoples that was so central to the forging of the United States and pressing its territorial expansion across the continent. These same impulses accompanied the further U.S. accumulation of territory across the Pacific and the Caribbean in the late 19th century, and they persisted even longer and further afield in its citizens’ missionary endeavors across the globe. During the 20th century, as the state’s foreign policy apparatus grew in size and scope, so too did the notions of homosexuality and transgender identity solidify as widely recognizable identity categories in the United States. Thus, it is during the 20th and 21st centuries, with ever greater intensity as the decades progressed, that one finds important influences of homosexuality and gender diversity on U.S. foreign policy: in immigration policies dating back to the late 19th century, in the Lavender Scare that plagued the State Department during the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies, in more contemporary battles between religious conservatives and queer rights activists that have at times been exported to other countries, and in the increasing intersections of LGBTQ rights issues and the War on Terror that has been waged primarily in the Middle East since September 11, 2001.

Seeking Modernity in China's Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. By Weili Ye. [Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 330 pp. $49.50. ISBN 0-8047-3696-0.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 214-251
Author(s):  
David Zweig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

They went to America to learn the skills to make China modern and along the way they transformed themselves. Some of the earliest pioneers, women trained in missionary schools before going to America in the late 19th century, returned to China as medical doctors and created a new profession in China.

Prize Law and Modern Conditions

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-641
Author(s):  
Thomas Baty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Ideal

It has been the peculiar glory of the United States in history to be a great neutral Power and the champion of neutral rights. From the earliest days of the republic, the sentiments of her statesmen, of Washington and Hamilton no less than of Jefferson and Franklin, were whole-heartedly for peace and neutrality, for the protection of the merchant against the soldier. And throughout the nineteenth century, the world acclaimed neutrality with her, and regarded the United States as the standing exemplar of a Peace Power. It was recognized that there might indeed be excusable wars, just wars, necessary wars. But the ideal of the nineteenth century was peace. Just and necessary as his cause might be, the belligerent was an ipso facto nuisance. He must be allowed to interfere as little as possible with the peaceful affairs of the world. On any doubtful question of interference with neutral commerce, the presumption was against him. He had always been a nuisance, and he was coming to be an anachronism. As an anachronistic nuisance, the scales were heavily poised against a belligerent.

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