scholarly journals Pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca pada perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan pendekatan life cycle assessment

Author(s):  
Danang Harimurti ◽  
Hariyadi Hariyadi ◽  
Erliza Noor

Pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat. Dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan akibat pertumbuhan perkebunan kelapa sawit ini adalah kerusakan lingkungan dan peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sumber emisi GRK dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan memberikan alternative untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui pemanfaatan kembali limbah padat dan cair sebagai substitusi pupuk anorganik. Metode yang digunakan adalah penilaian siklus daur hidup (LCA) berdasarkan framework ISO 14040. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah 0.08 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Kegiatan pemupukan mempunyai kontribusi cukup tinggi yaitu rata-rata emisi GRK yang dihasilkan adalah 0.07 TCO2e/TTBS/Tahun. Untuk mengurangi emisi GRK yaitu dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan pupuk organic yang berasal dari limbah produksi CPO berupa limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCPKS) dan janjang kosong kelapa sawit (JJK). Penggunaan LCPKS sebagai pupuk organik berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.015 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 17.03%, sementara penggunaan JJK berpotensi mengurangi emisi GRK sebesar 0.029 TCO2e/TTBS atau setara dengan 33.98%. Optimalisasi penggunaan LCPKS dan JJK sebagai pupuk organik memberikan dampak yang signifikan untuk mengurangi emisi GRK dalam kegiatan perkebunan kelapa sawit.

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binita Shah ◽  
Seema Unnikrishnan

Purpose India is a developing economy along with an increasing population estimated to be the largest populated country in about seven years. Simultaneously, its power consumption is projected to increase more than double by 2020. Currently, the dependence on coal is relatively high, making it the largest global greenhouse gas emitting sector which is a matter of great concern. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the environmental impacts of the natural gas electricity generation in India and propose a model using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Design/methodology/approach LCA is used as a tool to evaluate the environmental impact of the natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant, as it adopts a holistic approach towards the whole process. The LCA methodology used in this study follows the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards (ISO 14040: 2009; ISO 14044: 2009). A questionnaire was designed for data collection and validated by expert review primary data for the annual environmental emission was collected by personally visiting the power plant. The study follows a cradle to gate assessment using the CML (2001) methodology. Findings The analysis reveals that the main impacts were during the process of combustion. The Global warming potential is approximately 0.50 kg CO2 equivalents per kWh of electricity generation from this gas-based power plant. These results can be used by stakeholders, experts and members who are authorised to probe positive initiative for the reduction of environmental impacts from the power generation sector. Practical implications Considering the pace of growth of economic development of India, it is the need of the hour to emphasise on the patterns of sustainable energy generation which is an important subject to be addressed considering India’s ratification to the Paris Climate Change Agreement. This paper analyzes the environmental impacts of gas-based electricity generation. Originality/value Presenting this case study is an opportunity to get a glimpse of the challenges associated with gas-based electricity generation in India. It gives a direction and helps us to better understand the right spot which require efforts for the improvement of sustainable energy generation processes, by taking appropriate measures for emission reduction. This paper also proposes a model for gas-based electricity generation in India. It has been developed following an LCA approach. As far as we aware, this is the first study which proposes an LCA model for gas-based electricity generation in India. The model is developed in line with the LCA methodology and focusses on the impact categories specific for gas-based electricity generation.


Author(s):  
Daniele Landi ◽  
Leonardo Postacchini ◽  
Paolo Cicconi ◽  
Filippo E. Ciarapica ◽  
Michele Germani

In industrialized countries, packaging waste is one of the major issues to deal with, representing around 35% of the total municipal solid waste yearly generated. Therefore, an analysis and an environmental assessment of packaging systems are necessary. This paper aims at analyzing and comparing the environmental performances of two different packaging for domestic hoods. It shows how, through a packaging redesign, it is possible to obtain a reduction of the environmental impacts. This study has been performed in accordance with the international standards ISO 14040/14044, by using attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) from Cradle to Gate. The functional unit has been defined as the packaging of a single household hood. Primary data have been provided by a household hood manufacturer, while secondary data have been obtained from the Ecoinvent database. LCA software SimaPro 8.5 has been used to carry out the life cycle assessment, and ReCiPe method has been chosen for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) stage. The results have shown the new packaging model being able to cut down the environmental impacts of approximately 30%. These outcomes may be used by household manufacturers to improve performances and design solutions of their different packaging.


Author(s):  
Paula Daniela Rodriguez ◽  
Alejandro Pablo Arena ◽  
Bárbara María Civit ◽  
Roxana Piastrellini

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) tem sido utilizada por diversos autores para avaliar a produção de microalgas com fins energéticos. No entanto, desde a perspectiva energética e ambiental, não existem conclusões gerais sobre ela, não só pelas diferenças tecnológicas entre os sistemas estudados, mas também pelas distintas escolhas metodológicas adotadas pelos autores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo encontrar os principais aspectos que dificultam a comparação dos resultados de diversos estudos com abordagem de ciclo de vida de sistemas de produção de microalgas com fins energéticos, e propor recomendações que permitam harmonizar as escolhas metodológicas de futuros estudos. Para isso, foi realizada uma ampla revisão bibliográfica e foram selecionadas aquelas publicações que consideram o cultivo de microalgas em sistemas fechados, ou seja, fotobiorreatores de qualquer configuração (tubulares, flat-plate, air-lift, etc.). As treze publicações escolhidas foram avaliadas conforme as diretrizes presentes nas normas ISO 14040 e 14044. Os resultados indicam que fatores como o produto estudado, a unidade funcional selecionada, os limites do sistema, os procedimentos da atribuição de cargas ambientais utilizados, as fontes de dados, os métodos de avaliação de impactos e as categorias de impactos escolhidas diferem amplamente entre os estudos, impossibilitando a comparação dos mesmos para chegar a resultados confiáveis. Portanto considera-se necessário harmonizar as escolhas metodológicas dos futuros estudos de ACV de biocombustíveis de terceira geração. Para isso, propõe-se uma série de recomendações que visam a colaboração na avaliação dos impactos ambientais desses sistemas.  Palavras-chave: Avaliação do ciclo de vida. Bioenergia. Biocombustível de terceira geração.ResumenEl Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) ha sido utilizado por distintos autores para evaluar la producción de microalgas con fines energéticos. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva energética y ambiental, no existen conclusiones generales acerca de ella, no sólo por las diferencias tecnológicas entre los sistemas estudiados, sino también por las distintas elecciones metodológicas adoptadas por los autores. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos hallar los principales aspectos que dificultan la comparación de los resultados de diversos estudios con enfoque de ciclo de vida de sistemas de producción de microalgas con fines energéticos, y proponer recomendaciones que permitan armonizar las elecciones metodológicas de futuros estudios. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una amplia revisión de la literatura y se seleccionaron aquellas publicaciones que consideran el cultivo de microalgas en sistemas cerrados, esto es fotobiorreactores de cualquier configuración (tubulares, flat-plate, air-lift, etc.). Las 13 publicaciones elegidas se evaluaron según los lineamientos ofrecidos por las normas ISO 14040 y 14044. Los resultados indican que factores como el producto estudiado, la unidad funcional seleccionada, los límites del sistema, los procedimientos de asignación de cargas ambientales utilizados, las fuentes de datos, los métodos de evaluación de impactos y las categorías de impacto escogidas difieren ampliamente entre estudios, imposibilitando la comparación de los mismos para llegar a conclusiones confiables. Por lo tanto, se considera necesario armonizar las elecciones metodológicas de los futuros estudios de ACV de biocombustibles de tercera generación. Para ello, se propone una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a colaborar en la evaluación de los impactos ambientales de estos sistemas. Palabras clave: Análisis del Ciclo de Vida. Bioenergía. Biocombustibles de terceira generación.AbstractThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used by different authors to measure the production of microalgae for energy purposes. However, from the energy and environmental perspective, there are no general conclusions about this, not only because of the technological differences between the systems studied, but also because of the different methodological options adopted by the authors. The objective of this work is to find the main aspects that make it difficult to compare the results of several studies with a life cycle approach of microalgae production systems for energy purposes, and propose recommendations that allow harmonizing the methodological choices of future studies. For this, a wide review of the literature was carried out and those publications that consider the cultivation of microalgae in closed systems, that is, photobioreactors of any configuration (tubular, flat plate, air lift, etc.), were selected. The 13 selected publications were evaluated in accordance with the guidelines offered by the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards. The results indicate that factors such as the product studied, the selected functional unit, the limits of the system, the environmental allocation procedures used, the data resources, the impact evaluation methods and the impact categories chosen differ widely among the studies, making it impossible to compare them to arrive at reliable conclusions. Therefore, it is considered necessary to harmonize the methodological choices of future LCA studies of third generation biofuels. For this, a series of recommendations are proposed to collaborate in the evaluation of the environmental impacts of these systems.Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment. Bioenergy. Third generation biofuel.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edilberto Llanes Cedeño

Los procesos de generación de electricidad a partir de combustibles fósiles son fuentes de contaminación ambiental, siendo una preocupación actual de los países en desarrollo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el impacto ambiental de la generación distribuida de electricidad en una central de 110 kV por medio del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida para la determinación de mejoras en el proceso. El Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) se realiza de acuerdo con los requisitos establecidos en la NC ISO 14040: 2009, utilizando el Eco-indicador 99 del software Sima Pro 7.1. Los impactos ambientales se evalúan a partir de un análisis de inventario en cada una de las etapas del proceso, contabilizando las entradas y salidas de materias primas, energía y emisiones al aire, agua y suelo, para lo cual se realiza un diagrama de flujo del proceso. A partir del análisis de los flujos, se determinó que los parámetros condenatorios en el caso de los efluentes, sólo se cumple para el pH y la conductividad eléctrica, en el caso de las emisiones al aire se viola con el NO2 y SO2. Los resultados muestran que la etapa de mayor contribución se concentra en el área de generación y los productos más agresivos al ambiente son el consumo de fuel oil (80 % para la salud humana, 53 % para el ecosistema y para los recursos naturales 95 %) y el producto residual de la limpieza de los materiales de explotación (en el caso del ecosistema 35 %). Abstract The electricity generation process from fossil fuels its source of environmental pollution, being a current concern at developing countries. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the environmental impact of the distributed electricity generation in an 110 kV oil fuel power station using the Life Cycle Assessment method to determinate improvements in the process. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was perform according to the requirements established in the NC ISO 14040: 2009, using Eco-indicator 99 with software Sima Pro 7.1. The environmental impacts were evaluate starting from an inventory analysis in each stage of the process, accounting the inputs and outputs of raw materials, energy and emissions to the air, water and soil; a flow diagram of the process was generated for the assessment.  From the analysis of the flows, it was determined that the condemnatory parameters in the case of effluents, is only met for the pH and electrical conductivity, in the case of air emissions is violated with on the NO2 and SO2. The results, show that the stage with the greatest contribution is concentrated in the generation area, and the most aggressive products to the environment are the consumption of fuel oil (human health 80 %, ecosystem 53 % and natural resources 95 %) and the residual product of the cleaning of the exploitation materials (35 % in the case of the ecosystem).  


Author(s):  
Xizhuo Zhang ◽  
Longfei Zhang ◽  
Yujun Yuan ◽  
Qiang Zhai

Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.


2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 1597-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faiz Abd Rashid ◽  
Sumiani Yusoff ◽  
Noorsaidi Mahat

The introduction of life cycle assessment (LCA) to the building industry is important due to its ability to systematically quantify every environmental impact involved in every process from cradle to grave. Within the last two decades, research on LCA has increased considerably covering from manufacturing of building materials and construction processes. However, the LCA application for buildings in Asia are limited and fragmented due to different research objectives, type of buildings and locations. This paper has attempted to collect and review the application of LCA in the building industry in Asia from the selected publications over the last 12 years, from 2001 to 2012. The result shows that most LCA research basic methodology is based on International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14040 series but with variance. It is found that the operational phase consume highest energy and concrete responsible for the highest total embodied energy and environmental impact. It also suggested that building material with low initial embodied energy does not necessarily have low life cycle energy. Overall, findings from LCA studies can help to make informed decisions in terms of environmental impact and help realizing sustainable buildings in the future.


2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Finkbeiner ◽  
Atsushi Inaba ◽  
Reginald Tan ◽  
Kim Christiansen ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Klüppel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Supartono ◽  
Widha Septi Utami ◽  
Darmawan Ari Nugroho

<p>Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is one of the main commodities in Kendal District – Middle Java Province - Indonesia. It is produced for spiced boneless milkfish by some smallmedium enterprises. Level of energy usage, emission release, and environmental impacts caused during the production need to be assessed for improvement in these industries. A common method for assessing energy usage and environmental impacts from industrial activity is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or ISO 14040. This study used LCA to assess energy, emission and environmental effect of the life cycle of spiced boneless milkfish production. The research was conducted at three small-medium enterprises in Kendal District namely; UKM Ratu Bandeng, UKM Bandeng Kendal, and UKM Rozal Bandeng. The product life cycle started from purchasing raw and supported materials, boneless processing, spiced boneless processing and storage of finished products. Energy measurement was taken place at all energy used during the production, such as human energy, energy from fuel and gasoline and electricity. The released emissions were measured in CO2, SO2, and NOx. The results depicted that energy needed to produce 1 kilogram of spiced boneless milkfish was 18.456 MJ for UKM Ratu Bandeng; 18.188 MJ UKM Bandeng Kendal and 23.985 MJ for UKM Rozal Bandeng. The emission released was 227.666 g CO2; 0.333 g SO2; 2.713 g NOx in UKM Ratu Bandeng; 607.459 g CO2; 0.513 g SO2; 4.434 g NOx in UKM Bandeng Kendal; and 1132,938 g CO2; 0,941 g SO2; 8.101 g NOx in UKM Rozal Bandeng respectively. Wastewater was produced from the material cleaning process and rest of boiling water, while solids waste were scrap from the materials, such as raw and additive materials, and packaging materials. Recommendations for improvements in these industries were as follow; selection of supplier which was closer to the location of production, use of more efficient production equipment,  improvement of production process design, and build tanks and infiltration basin for waste water disposal.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Emissions, energy, LCA, spiced boneless milkfish. </p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 11063
Author(s):  
Arianna Pignagnoli ◽  
Stefano Pignedoli ◽  
Emanuele Carpana ◽  
Cecilia Costa ◽  
Aldo Dal Prà

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been increasingly used for the improvement of the environmental performance of products and services, including agro-food chains. Pollination by honeybees can be regarded as one of the functions of an apicultural system and is of utmost importance for both natural ecosystems and agriculture. Furthermore, the beekeeping chain can represent an instrument for the protection and conservation of honeybee diversity when local subspecies are used. The Carbon Footprint of honey evaluates greenhouse gas emissions throughout the Life Cycle Assessment—more specifically, emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. To this aim, data from beekeeping farms were collected, including data on annual honey production, other hive products, the geographical locations of the apiaries, processing plants, technologies used, and fuel and energy consumption. Based on the ISO 14040 method for the use of Life Cycle Assessment, the Carbon Footprints that were calculated for honey ranged from 1.40 to 2.20 kg CO2e/kg of honey for migratory beekeeping and from 0.380 to 0.48 kg CO2e/kg of honey for non-migratory beekeeping. The movements for the management of migratory beehives (on average, 44 km/hive for farm 1, 32 km/hive for farm 2, and 13 km/hive for farm 3) represented the main impact in migratory beekeeping systems, and they were quantified as 1.234, 1.113, and 0.68 CO2e/kg of honey. However, electricity represented the main impact of systems without migratory practices.


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