iso 14040
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonor Patricia Güereca ◽  
Sergio Agustín Zamorano Guzmán ◽  
Rosario León-Lira ◽  
Guadalupe Paredes Figueroa ◽  
Adriana Rivera-Huerta ◽  
...  

El incremento de la demanda energética a nivel mundial, en conjunto con el calentamiento global y la limitada disponibilidad de combustibles fósiles, han detonado el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en el sector energético a nivel mundial, buscando cada vez fuentes de energía más eficientes y con menores impactos ambientales. En este sentido, la energía del océano podría ser una fuente viable, ya que se ha estimado que la energía producida por las olas podría eventualmente proveer un porcentaje importante de la demanda eléctrica mundial actual. Una de las principales ventajas ambientales de la energía del océano es que la mayoría de los dispositivos diseñados a la fecha, no generan emisiones directas de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (gei). Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar de una forma integral los impactos ambientales acumulados por toda la cadena de valor, considerando desde la extracción de materias primas hasta la disposición final de los sistemas energéticos y tomando en cuenta todos los vectores involucrados: aire, agua y suelo. El enfoque de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (acv), ha probado ser una metodología que apoya la evaluación ambiental de una forma holística. A la fecha, son contados los estudios de acv que se han realizado, por ello, el objetivo de esta Guía es compartir experiencias que apoyen el desarrollo de futuros estudios de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida de energías del océano. Lo anterior, permitirá que el desarrollo tecnológico para el aprovechamiento de dichas energías, evolucione de manera paralela con sus mejoras ambientales. Para cumplir el objetivo de la Guía, en la sección Análisis de Ciclo de Vida se presentan los fundamentos teóricos de la metodología, en donde se abordan los principales elementos que requieren la Normas iso 14040 e iso 14044 (iso, 2006) y se describen estudios de acv realizados a nivel mundial. Posteriormente, se presentan los principales elementos de los acv realizados en México a las energías del océano, abordando el acv de undimotriz, gradiente térmico, gradiente salino, corrientes y eólico marinos. El Capítulo 3 describe un conjunto de recomendaciones técnicas para el desarrollo de acv de energías del océano. Dichas recomendaciones se desprenden de los estudios realizados en México y buscan apoyar el cumplimiento de los principales requisitos de las Normas iso 14040 e iso 14044 (iso, 2006): Definición de objetivos y alcance, Inventario de Ciclo de Vida, Evaluación del Impacto de Ciclo de Vida e Interpretación. El Capítulo 4 aborda los potenciales impactos que no se consideran en los estudios de acv de energías del océano, como los impactos en la biodiversidad marina y los riesgos hidro-meteorológicos a los que están sujetos estos sistemas de energía. El Capítulo 5 plantea los marcos conceptuales en los que podría fundamentarse la evaluación de impactos sociales de las energías del océano. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y se sugieren los futuros pasos en el camino hacia el desarrollo de energías del océano.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (34) ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Angelica Patricia Vanegas-Padilla ◽  
Karen Dayana Fuentes-Fuentes ◽  
Karina Paola Torres-Cervera

Se realizó una comparación del análisis de ciclo de vida conceptual para 2 estibas construidas con madera natural (melinna) y madera plástica (100% polietileno) respectivamente, usando el software SIMAPRO 8.4.0.0 en su versión DEMO 2017 la cual usa como norma la UNE EN ISO 14040. Se determinó el alcance del estudio de cada estiba y su análisis de inventario teniendo en cuenta la disponibilidad de actividades en SIMAPRO 8. Se analizaron diferentes factores para cada estiba, los cuales fueron: caracterización y evaluación de daño, y de manera comparativa los factores: salud humana, ecosistemas y recursos. Los resultados arrojados del análisis comparativo afirmaron que las estibas de madera natural afectan en un 100% a la salud humana, y que por el contrario las estibas de madera plástica afectan un 2%, hablando de los ecosistemas, las estibas naturales afectan un 100% y las construidas con madera plástica un 2%, y por último, en el componente de recursos, las estibas naturales afectan en un 100% y las estibas plásticas un 47%. The objective of the study reflects a comparison of the conceptual life cycle analysis for 2.00 pallets built with natural wood (melinna) and plastic wood (100% PET), using the SIMAPRO 8.4.0 software in its DEMO 2017 version under the UNE standard -EN ISO 14040. The methodology used was experimental and descriptive where there was manipulation of variables such as: flexural strength, moisture content and natural durability to degrading agents for the determination of social, economic and environmental aspects. The results of the comparative analysis affirmed that the pallets of natural wood affect human health by 100%, unlike the pallets of plastic wood, which affect life in ecosystems by 2%. For the conservation of Biodiversity, natural pallets affect 100% and plastic pallets 47%. Plastic wood, compared to natural wood, has several benefits such as greater impermeability, easy cleaning, greater safety (due to chipping), low moisture absorption.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Pablo Esteban Beltrán Castro ◽  
Karla Belén García Molina ◽  
Carlos Julio Cordero Cabrera
Keyword(s):  

Objetivo. Determinar los mayores contaminantes generados durante la etapa de construcción y mantenimiento del proyecto vial Minas- Tablón - Pucará. Metodología. Se analizó 1 Km de vía y se estableció todos los factores que se generan por las actividades durante todas las fases del proyecto, mediante el software SimaPro 9.1.1.1 y la metodología de ReCiPe Midpoint se distinguió diferentes fases como definición del enfoque y límites del sistema, inventario, análisis del impacto y la interpretación de los resultados, con lineamientos de las normas ISO 14040 y 14044, se identificó y evaluó los impactos ambientales durante todas las etapas del ciclo de vida. Además, mediante el sistema de información geográfica ARC-GIS, los shape del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería MAG 25k 2018 y los puntos de georreferencia tomados en campo se determinó la cobertura y uso de suelo que corresponde a la zona donde se ubica el proyecto. Resultados. Entre los resultados que mayor contaminación presentan se encuentra la etapa de mantenimiento, esta genera un alto índice de cambio climático (67.1%), agotamiento fósil (68%), material particulado (94.1%) y toxicidad humana (90.2%). Conclusión. Durante la etapa de mantenimiento las intervenciones humanas son más periódicas por lo que se generan mayor contaminación, además, la vía de estudio es de asfalto por lo que se presenta mayores químicos y compuestos, incluso a lo que refiere a la metodología constructiva genera incremento de emisiones que aporta considerablemente al calentamiento global y cambio climático.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 131-151
Author(s):  
Sandy Tamara Orellana Albán ◽  
Diego Fernando Coronel Sacoto
Keyword(s):  

Introducción: La red vial estatal, está expuesta y es vulnerable a la acción de los desastres naturales, y el cambio climático incrementa los riesgos de destrucción, amenazando la infraestructura actual y futura. La ubicación geográfica del Ecuador y su geomorfología hacen que las carreteras de la red nacional sean propensas a amenazas de terremotos, deslizamientos, inundaciones y actividad volcánica, condiciones que generan interrupciones en actividades y servicios que dependen de la red vial nacional, sumado a esto, el hecho que muchas vías ya han cumplido su ciclo de vida. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar los posibles impactos ambientales que se podrían reducir con la reutilización del pavimento rígido, en la vía Cuenca- Girón- Santa Isabel, aplicando la herramienta de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida. Metodología: Se empleó la metodología estandarizada del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), conforme lo establece la Norma ISO 14040, utilizando el software SimaPro 9.1.1, con licencia de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, utilizando el método de evaluación el CML-IA baseline, y la base de datos Ecoinvent, que permite analizar las categorías de impacto. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que las categorías de mayor contribución a los impactos ambientales son: Agotamiento abiótico (80%), Calentamiento Global (30%), Agotamiento abiótico (combustibles fósiles) (50%), Toxicidad humana (80%), Ecotoxicidad acuática marina (30%), Ecotox acuático de agua dulce (30%), y la etapa que mayor contribuye a la contaminación ambiental es la etapa de transporte de carga pesada con un 80 % por emisiones esto debido al consumo y producto de la combustión de diésel y otros combustibles. Conclusión: La reutilización del pavimento rígido si presenta menores impactos ambientales, sin embargo, el uso y consumo de combustible determinaría su factibilidad en cuanto a los costos que se generen para la reutilización del pavimento que ha cumplido su ciclo de vida. La metodología ACV puede ser utilizada como herramienta con ciertas limitaciones, para la evaluación ambiental y la factibilidad para su difusión en el país.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2224
Author(s):  
Maciej Kuboń ◽  
Marcin Niemiec ◽  
Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra ◽  
Maciej Gliniak ◽  
Jakub Sikora ◽  
...  

Organic matter is an indispensable element of soil. Its quantity and quality affect its properties, e.g., structure, buffering, sorption capacity, air–water relations, and thermal properties. The purpose of the research was to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in soybean cultivation, fertilized with biochar from various crops. Two experimental factors were included: the dose of biochar and the type of biochar used as per raw material used in its production. The adopted functional unit was 1 ton of soybeans. To reach the adopted goal, a strict field experiment was carried out. The total amount of GHG emitted by the cultivation was calculated according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The system boundaries included: GHG emissions from fertilizers and seeds used, GHG emissions related to biochar production, emissions related to fossil fuel combustion, and emissions related to the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and the decomposition of biochar. The results of the research indicate a significant potential of biochar to reduce GHG emissions in agricultural production. From the environmental and production perspective, the addition of biochar at 60 Mg ha−1 is the most advantageous. A further increase in the addition of biochar was related to a decrease in plant yield and an increase in GHG emissions per functional unit of the product. The use of biochar in soybean cultivation resulted in a 25% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the object without the biochar addition. The amount of GHG emissions for soybeans ranged from 846.9 to 1260.1 kg of CO2/Mg. The use of biochar from forest biomass resulted in a higher yield, 12% on average, compared to sunflower husk biochar. The introduction of biochar to soils can be an effective improvement in the economic and environmental efficiency of plant production, as it increases the use of nutrients by the plant and intensifies carbon sequestration in soils.


2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
A Yerdianti ◽  
R Aziz

Abstract PT FRP produces crumb rubber SIR 20 with a total annual production of 42.000 tons. This study aims to analyze the environmental impact of 1-ton crumb rubber production using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to be further explored for recommendations for ecological improvement. LCA was carried by a gate-to-gate scope using SimaPro software with the eco-indicator 99 method. The steps for completing this research refer to ISO 14040:2016. Characterization step results from the category of fossil fuels impact have the highest value (931 MJ surplus). The total value of the single score generated is 369 Pt, with the highest impact value is respiratory inorganics. The dryer drying process, the usage of electricity, and the generator and boiler are four production processes that significantly impact the environment. Improvement recommendations given to reduce the effects of the four processes are using an economizer in the boiler, the combination of fuel used by the boiler, and substitution of diesel fuel with Pertamina Dex as generator’s fuel.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 11063
Author(s):  
Arianna Pignagnoli ◽  
Stefano Pignedoli ◽  
Emanuele Carpana ◽  
Cecilia Costa ◽  
Aldo Dal Prà

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been increasingly used for the improvement of the environmental performance of products and services, including agro-food chains. Pollination by honeybees can be regarded as one of the functions of an apicultural system and is of utmost importance for both natural ecosystems and agriculture. Furthermore, the beekeeping chain can represent an instrument for the protection and conservation of honeybee diversity when local subspecies are used. The Carbon Footprint of honey evaluates greenhouse gas emissions throughout the Life Cycle Assessment—more specifically, emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. To this aim, data from beekeeping farms were collected, including data on annual honey production, other hive products, the geographical locations of the apiaries, processing plants, technologies used, and fuel and energy consumption. Based on the ISO 14040 method for the use of Life Cycle Assessment, the Carbon Footprints that were calculated for honey ranged from 1.40 to 2.20 kg CO2e/kg of honey for migratory beekeeping and from 0.380 to 0.48 kg CO2e/kg of honey for non-migratory beekeeping. The movements for the management of migratory beehives (on average, 44 km/hive for farm 1, 32 km/hive for farm 2, and 13 km/hive for farm 3) represented the main impact in migratory beekeeping systems, and they were quantified as 1.234, 1.113, and 0.68 CO2e/kg of honey. However, electricity represented the main impact of systems without migratory practices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 855 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
M Al-Obaidy ◽  
M C Santos ◽  
M Baskar ◽  
S Attia

Abstract Circular building design is a concept that is gaining great interest from architects, construction professionals, and their clients but is still rarely adopted in practice. One of the earliest design decisions architects and developers should make to design a circular building is to determine the building’s construction system. The choice of constructive and structural systems, such as columns, beams, and slabs, is crucial to upgrade the reuse cycles in the future. Flexible construction systems can make it easier to dismantle the structures and recover, upgrade, modify, or transform building materials. Therefore, this paper assesses the carbon emission impacts of two construction systems for an office building in Belgium using life cycle assessment (LCA) and circularity criteria. One-Click LCA software was used for the calculations. Parametric analysis took place for two construction systems scenarios involving a steel structure and a timber structure. Life Cycle Assessment and comparisons of the various construction systems are made based on ISO 14040, 14044, and CEN/TC 350 standards with a focus on carbon neutrality. The results show that using local plant-based materials such as wood can drastically reduce office buildings’ carbon footprint. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, the overall global warming potential impact is mostly sensitive to the construction material’s weight and reuse and dismantling ability. This paper provides a better understanding of building structural systems; to inform architects about the circularity potential of different construction systems.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6160
Author(s):  
Naim Rashidov ◽  
Maciej Chowaniak ◽  
Marcin Niemiec ◽  
Gulov Saidali Mamurovich ◽  
Masaidov Jamshed Gufronovich ◽  
...  

The overarching goal of agricultural sciences is to optimize production technology to rationalize the use of production resources, energy, and space. Due to its high fertilization and water requirements, the vine is a plant with a high potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The modifying factor in the production technology is plantation management. To reach the assumed goal, a field experiment was conducted in the years 2001–2020, and the following training systems were used: multi-arm fan system (A) trunk height <30 cm, (B) 80 cm, (C) 120 cm, one-side multi-arm, paired planting (D) 120 cm, (E) 140 cm. The total amount of GHGs emitted in vine cultivation was calculated according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The system boundaries were: establishing the plantation, the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides, energy consumption for agricultural treatments, and gas emissions from the soil. The amount of GHG emissions for cultivation using the systems A, B, C ranged from 426.77 to 556.34 kg of CO2-eq Mg of yield−1, while in the case of D and E systems, the value was approx. 304.37 to 306.23 CO2-eq Mg of yield−1. When comparing this stage with total annual emissions related to cultivation (for 1 ha), the amount of emitted GHGs at this stage is from approx. 42% to 58% higher than from annual emission related to cultivation. Concrete poles are the main element related with GHG emission during stage of plantation establishment, from 97 to 98% of emission. In the case of annual production, nitrogen fertilizers are responsible for approx. 36%. Moreover, the results show that systems D and E increased the average annual fruit yield (per 19 years of research) by approx. 68% compared to the A, B, C systems. There was no difference in the yield of plants with different height of shoots in the D and E systems. The “one-side, multi-arm, paired planting system” was characterized by the highest production and environmental efficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-550
Author(s):  
Laura Naranjo ◽  
Jorge Castillo ◽  
Valesca Montes ◽  
Eleuterio Yáñez

Society's awareness of environmental issues increases every day. In this context, the concept of carbon footprint (CF) arises as a calculation tool that quantifies greenhouse gasses (GHG) emitted during the life cycle (LC) of a product. This calculation method is used in many productive sectors throughout the world; however, the Chilean fisheries sector has not notified the use of this tool or initiatives in that sense. This study performs a calculation of the CF of artisanal gillnet hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) fishery of the Caleta Portales, located in Valparaíso, Chile. The ISO 14040: 2006 methodology was used. The analysis was limited from the boat departure until the catch is landed, as a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). The fuel consumption data and information related to the fleet were used as the main source of information. The Caleta Portales hake landings were 1,340.484 kg in 2011 and 703,411 kg in 2012. This fleet released into the atmosphere in 2011, 0.47 CO2 equivalent per kg of hake landed, and 0.58 kg CO2 eq, in 2012. It is the first result of CF reported in a Chilean fishery. This result can lead to an increase in the competitiveness of this hake fishery, as it can generate a positive impact on encouraging consumers to prefer the consumption from those places that have calculated the CF and are less than other food products.


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