scholarly journals The situation of tobacco control in The Americas. A current vision

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira ◽  
Herberto José Chong-Neto ◽  
Dirceu Solé
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Current State ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
A Current ◽  
Related Mortality

Smoking is still the leading cause of illness and preventable death across the world. The financial cost of smoking is estimated at 1.4 billion USD per year around the world. The Report on Tobacco Control in the Region of The Americas aims to provide an overview of the current state of trends in the tobacco epidemic and the implementation of effective policies to combat it. This report presents updated and validated data about prevalence, tobacco-related mortality, and progress on adopting legislation and policies associated with the six known measures to stop smoking, MPOWER of the World Health Organization.

Change in tobacco use among 13-15 year olds between 1999 and 2008: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 38-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Warren ◽  
Veronica Lea ◽  
Juliette Lee ◽  
Nathan R. Jones ◽  
Samira Asma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the world; yet little is known about the levels or patterns of youth tobacco use on a global basis. The purpose of this paper is to focus on change in youth tobacco use using data from 100 sites that have conducted repeat Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS). The GYTS is a school-based survey that collects data from students aged 13–15 years using a standardized methodology for constructing the sample frame, selecting schools and classes, and processing data. GYTS is conducted in school classes using self-administered anonymous data collection. The GYTS sample produces representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates for each sampling frame. Of the 100 sites surveyed, 61 reported no change over time in prevalence of cigarette smoking, likewise in 50 of the 97 sites with data on use of other tobacco products there was no change. However, 34 sites reported an increase in other tobacco use. This appears to be attributed to waterpipe, an emerging trend in tobacco use. Evidence was found supporting the idea that tobacco use among adolescent girls is likely increasing. The global tobacco control effort continues to face many challenges in reversing the tobacco epidemic. Few countries have implemented comprehensive tobacco control legislation laid out by the World Health Organization. The few countries that have adopted some of these proven policies can serve as examples in achieving positive results in curbing the tobacco epidemic. (Global Health Promotion, 2009; Supp (2): pp. 38–90)

scholarly journals A recent update of the diagnostic methods for tuberculosis and their applicability in Indonesia: a narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-91
Author(s):  
Tri Nugraha Susilawati ◽  
Riska Larasati
Keyword(s):  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current State ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global problem, especially with the high prevalence of HIV-TB co-infection. Delayed diagnosis and continual transmission contribute to high mortality in Indonesia, which has the third highest incidence of TB in the world, after China and India. Therefore, early diagnosis is needed to reduce the number of cases and to administer therapy to prevent the transmission of bacteria. The diagnosis of TB remains a challenge in clinical practice due to poor sensitivity and the requirement of skilled staff in microscopic tests, the slow growth Mycobacterium in culture, and the low number of bacilli present in extrapulmonary TB. Despite being the golden standard for TB diagnosis, cultures require 2–8 weeks to grow. Other methods for diagnosing TB include interferon-gamma release assays and serologic tests such as the tuberculin skin test. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosing TB. This review presents the current state of TB epidemiology and various methods for TB diagnosis. In particular, the paper provides an in-depth discussion about the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay that has been made available recently in selected tertiary hospitals in Indonesia.

scholarly journals The changing epidemiology worldwide ofMycobacterium ulcerans

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. O'Brien ◽  
I. Jeanne ◽  
K. Blasdell ◽  
M. Avumegah ◽  
E. Athan
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractMycobacterium ulceransis recognised as the third most common mycobacterial infection worldwide. It causes necrotising infections of skin and soft tissue and is classified as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, despite extensive research, the environmental reservoir of the organism and mode of transmission of the infection to humans remain unknown. This limits the ability to design and implement public health interventions to effectively and consistently prevent the spread and reduce the incidence of this disease. In recent years, the epidemiology of the disease has changed. In most endemic regions of the world, the number of cases reported to the WHO are reducing, with a 64% reduction in cases reported worldwide in the last 9 years. Conversely, in a smaller number of countries including Australia and Nigeria, reported cases are increasing at a rapid rate, new endemic areas continue to appear, and in Australia cases are becoming more severe. The reasons for this changing epidemiology are unknown. We review the epidemiology ofM. ulceransdisease worldwide, and document recent changes. We also outline and discuss the current state of knowledge on the ecology ofM. ulcerans, possible transmission mechanisms to humans and what may be enabling the spread ofM. ulceransinto new endemic areas.

Suicide and Attempted Suicide in Pakistan

Crisis ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Moosa Khan
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Current State ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
Health Organization

Suicide and attempted suicide are understudied subjects in Pakistan, an Islamic country where they are considered criminal offenses. National suicide statistics are not compiled nor are suicide mortality statistics reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Although there are strong religious sanctions against suicide, there are no clear principles against attempted suicide in Islam. Despite this, Pakistan, like many other Islamic countries, has punitive laws against attempted suicide. This has led to both suicide and attempted suicide being underdiagnosed and underreported. Data on suicide and attempted suicide are also difficult to obtain. This article gives an overview of the current state of suicide and attempted suicide in Pakistan, in the context of existing religious and legal factors, highlighting the main findings of the few studies carried out over the last 50 years. It is important that researchers in Islamic countries like Pakistan not be deterred by the apparent low rates of suicide in these countries, but conduct further research in this important yet neglected public-health problem.

scholarly journals Promoting Optimal Care in Childbirth

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Lothian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maternity Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In 1996, the World Health Organization set out guidelines for normal birth. Because that time birth in the United States has continued to be intervention intensive, the cesarean rate has skyrocketed and maternal mortality, although low, is rising. At the same time, research continues to provide evidence for the benefits of supporting the normal physiologic process of labor and birth and the risks of interfering with this natural process. This article reviews the current state of U.S. maternity care and discusses research and advocacy efforts that address this issue. This article describes optimal care in childbirth and introduces the Lamaze International Six Healthy Birth Practices.

scholarly journals Phages in Food Industry Biocontrol and Bioremediation

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Pablo Cristobal-Cueto ◽  
Alberto García-Quintanilla ◽  
Jaime Esteban ◽  
Meritxell García-Quintanilla
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
A Current

Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and their use is a current promising alternative in biological control. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains are present in the livestock industry and phages are attractive candidates to eliminate them and their biofilms. This alternative therapy also reduces the non-desirable effects produced by chemicals on food. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 420,000 people die due to a foodborne illness annually, suggesting that an improvement in food biocontrol is desirable. This review summarizes relevant studies of phage use in biocontrol focusing on treatments in live animals, plants, surfaces, foods, wastewaters and bioremediation.

scholarly journals Role of Pictorial Warning on Cigarette Packets in Tobacco Cessation: A Questionnaire Survey Among Cigarette Smokers in Chennai, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 28s-28s ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Quit Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Tobacco is used in various forms (smoking/smokeless forms) all over the world today. The World Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and estimates that it currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developed countries. However, they continue to rise in the developing countries. As in other developing countries, India too suffers a stage of the tobacco epidemic, hosting nearly 17% of the world´s smokers, with the number constantly on the rise. According to the report of the Tobacco Control in India, 800,000-900,000 Indians die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. Among these deaths, 50% are due to cancer and 40% are other reported health-related problems such as cardiovascular and lung disorders. Tobacco is used by various groups of people irrespective of their social, economic or educational background, and majority of them use it despite knowing the hazards to their health. Warning labels on cigarette packages are meant to communicate such smoking-associated risks. The study is designed to find out the effectiveness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets in India for tobacco cessation among cigarette smokers. Methodology: A questionnaire was distributed to 800 current smokers attending an outpatient department of a college. Statistical analysis was done to find association between socioeconomic status and effectiveness of pictures to quit cigarette smoking. Results: 48% smokers perceive text warning is an efficient method to create awareness. 56% emphasized the importance of pictorial warning and greater area to be covered. 43% felt that warning on cigarette packets helped them to quit smoking. Conclusions: Though pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the ill effects of smoking, the size, area covered and the position of the picture on cigarette packets needs to be reviewed to improve the quit rate.

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