PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY;

Objective: The purpose of this study was to screen some herbal medicine as psychotropic drugs those has strong modulatingeffect on brain and behavior. Material & methods: Herbal drug Reserpine, Nux- Vomica, Anacardium and Chlorpromazine with a wide range ofpharmacological actions. In our present study, we evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs as Psychotropic agents and accessed bybiochemical-parameters. Rats (weighing 180-250g) and Mice (22-32g) either sex were used in this study. One group was kept as control fordrugs. Mice were kept under room temperature. Tap-water was allowed ad-Libitum. Animals were observed during and after 21 days. A tabletcrushed in 10ml of water, 1cc was given. Screening method used was swimming induced-despair. Results: Among these, Strychnos Nux-Vomica has strong action on cholinergic system, CNS activity and observed as an antispasmodic. Rauwolfia serpentine is an active alkaloidparticularly present in reserpine are used to treat essential hypertension and in certain neuropsychiatry disorders. It has sedative andtranquilizing effects, as it depletes catecholamine from the central nervous system. Keeping in view, the medicinal importance of these herbs,our present study was designed to screen these herbs as for CNS activity on Albino mice and rats.

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EFFECT OF DRUGS;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.01.586 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (01) ◽

pp. 103-113

Author(s):

SAIMA AHMED ◽

MUHAMMAD ASADULLAH ◽

ATA-UR- REHMAN

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Tap Water ◽

Screening Method ◽

Test Parameter ◽

Strong Action ◽

Cns Activity ◽

Behavior Design ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior ◽

Study Setting

ABSTRACT... Objective: The aim of this study was to determine head-dipping exploratory test parameter as a measure of strongmodulating effect on brain and behavior. Design: It was an observational animal study. Setting: University of Karachi. Period: Jan 2004 toJuly 2006. Material & methods: In this present study, drugs used reserpine, nux- vomica; anacardium and chlorpromazine were widerange of pharmacological actions. We evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs as agents with modulating effect on brain and behavioraccessed by head dipping parameter. In this study, 25 mice were included belonging to both sexes. The study animals were divided intofive groups of five animals each. Four groups were given drugs and one group was kept as control. Mice (20-35g) of either sex were usedin this study. One group was kept as control for drugs. Mice were kept under room temperature. Tap-water was allowed ad-Libitum.30minutes after giving drugs, animals were observed for 10 minutes with two minutes of interval. Tablet crushed in 10ml of water, 1cc wasgiven. Screening method used was head dipping. Results: Strychnos Nux-Vomica when used in a dose of 0.07mg has strong action oncholinergic system, CNS activity and frequent head dipping (39.8±28.8) was observed. Rauwolfia serpentine is an active alkaloidparticularly present in reserpine (62.2±43.4) no significant head dipping effect was observed. Anacardium (37.2±28.6) &Chlorpromazine (39.4±32.4), show decrease effects. Keeping in view, the medicinal importance of these herbs, our present study wasdesigned to screen these drugs for CNS activity on albino mice.

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Brain and behavior: Session I: Symposium, 1959: 3. Some aspects of the biochemistry and physiology of gamma aminobutyric acid in the central nervous system.

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry ◽

10.1111/j.1939-0025.1960.tb03004.x ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Eugene Roberts

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior

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Gonadal steroids, brain, and behavior: role of context

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2002.4.2/drubinow ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 123-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Mood Disorders ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Differential Susceptibility ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Gonadal Steroids ◽

Wide Range ◽

Reproductive Endocrine ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact

The nature and extent of the impact of gender and reproductive function on mood has been the subject of speculation and controversy for centuries. Over the past 50 years, however, it has become increasingly clear that not only is the brain a major target of reproductive steroid hormones, but additionally, the steroid hormones, as neuroregulators, create a context thai influences a broad range of brain activities; ie, neural actions and resultant behaviors are markedly different in the presence and absence of gonadal steroids. In turn, the actions of gonadal steroids are themselves context-dependent. Thus, even where it can be demonstrated thai gonadal steroids trigger mood disorders, the triggers are normal levels of gonadal steroids (to be contrasted with the mood disturbances accompanying endocrinopathies), and the mood disorders appear only in a subset of susceptible individuals. The context specificity and differential susceptibility to affective dysregulation seen in women with reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders are undoubtedly important underlying characteristics of a wide range of psychiatric disorders in which the triggers have not yet been identified. Consequently, reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders offer unparalleled promise for the identification of those contextual variables that permit biological stimuli to differentially translate into depression in individuals at risk.

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Selective increases in inter-individual variability in response to environmental enrichment in female mice

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.35690 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Julia C Körholz ◽

Sara Zocher ◽

Anna N Grzyb ◽

Benjamin Morisse ◽

Alexandra Poetzsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Multiple Parameters ◽

Wide Range ◽

Suitable Animal Model ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior

One manifestation of individualization is a progressively differential response of individuals to the non-shared components of the same environment. Individualization has practical implications in the clinical setting, where subtle differences between patients are often decisive for the success of an intervention, yet there has been no suitable animal model to study its underlying biological mechanisms. Here we show that enriched environment (ENR) can serve as a model of brain individualization. We kept 40 isogenic female C57BL/6JRj mice for 3 months in ENR and compared these mice to an equally sized group of standard-housed control animals, looking at the effects on a wide range of phenotypes in terms of both means and variances. Although ENR influenced multiple parameters and restructured correlation patterns between them, it only increased differences among individuals in traits related to brain and behavior (adult hippocampal neurogenesis, motor cortex thickness, open field and object exploration), in agreement with the hypothesis of a specific activity-dependent development of brain individuality.

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Insight from animal models of environmentally driven epigenetic changes in the developing and adult brain

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s095457941600081x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (4pt2) ◽

pp. 1229-1243 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Tiffany S. Doherty ◽

Tania L. Roth

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Animal Models ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Epigenetic Changes ◽

Behavioral Deficits ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Brain

AbstractThe efforts of many neuroscientists are directed toward understanding the appreciable plasticity of the brain and behavior. In recent years, epigenetics has become a core of this focus as a prime mechanistic candidate for behavioral modifications. Animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of environmentally driven changes to the epigenome in the developing and adult brain. This review focuses mainly on such discoveries driven by adverse environments along with their associated behavioral outcomes. While much of the evidence discussed focuses on epigenetics within the central nervous system, several peripheral studies in humans who have experienced significant adversity are also highlighted. As we continue to unravel the link between epigenetics and phenotype, discerning the complexity and specificity of epigenetic changes induced by environments is an important step toward understanding optimal development and how to prevent or ameliorate behavioral deficits bred by disruptive environments.

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Epilepsy and cognitive impairment. How to choose an anticonvulsant drug?

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2019-9-32-38 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 32-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. V. Pizova

Keyword(s):

Anticonvulsant Drug ◽

Epileptic Activity ◽

Point Of View ◽

Impaired Memory ◽

Free Interval ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Organic Brain ◽

And Behavior ◽

Patients With Epilepsy

The article describes epilepsy as a chronic disease of the central nervous system with a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, which include cognitive, affective and behavioral disorders. It is important to detect the presence of comorbid conditions in patients with epilepsy as early as possible to ensure early identification, diagnosis and proper monitoring of such co-morbidities. The most frequent manifestations of cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy include depression, impaired memory, attention, and bradyphrenia in the attack-free interval. Various factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders: organic brain damage, neuronal dysfunction, interictal epileptic activity, repeated seizures, and intake of certain anti-epileptic drugs. Various anti-epileptic drugs are considered from the point of view of influencing the cognitive functions, affective sphere and behavior of patients. Valproic acid preparations, which generally have a good cognitive profile, are presented in detail. A special attention is paid to Convulex, which has multi-dose presentations to provide further advantages in terms of dose flexibility.

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Selective increases in inter-individual variability in response to environmental enrichment

10.1101/260455 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julia Körholz ◽

Sara Zocher ◽

Anna N. Grzyb ◽

Benjamin Morisse ◽

Alexandra Poetzsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Multiple Parameters ◽

Wide Range ◽

Suitable Animal Model ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior

AbstractOne manifestation of individualization is a progressively differential response of individuals to the non-shared components of the same environment. Individualization has practical implications in clinical setting, where subtle differences between patients are often decisive for the success of an intervention, yet there has been no suitable animal model to study its underlying biological mechanisms. Here we show that enriched environment (ENR) can serve as a model of brain individualization. We kept 40 isogenic mice for 3 months in ENR and compared the effects on a wide range of phenotypes on both mean and variance to an equally sized group of standard-housed control animals. While ENR influenced multiple parameters and restructured correlation patterns between them, it only increased differences among individuals in traits related to brain and behavior (adult hippocampal neurogenesis, motor cortex thickness, open field and object exploration, rotarod performance), in agreement with the hypothesis of a specific activity-dependent development of brain individuality.

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Gut Microbiota and Their Neuroinflammatory Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10111765 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1765 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Vo Giau ◽

Si Wu ◽

Angelo Jamerlan ◽

Seong An ◽

SangYun Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bidirectional Communication ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

The bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that the gut microbiota can influence the brain and behavior of patients. Various metabolites secreted by the gut microbiota can affect the cognitive ability of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Nearly one in every ten Korean senior citizens suffers from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. This review highlights the impact of metabolites from the gut microbiota on communication pathways between the brain and gut, as well as the neuroinflammatory roles they may have in AD patients. The objectives of this review are as follows: (1) to examine the role of the intestinal microbiota in homeostatic communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, termed the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis; (2) to determine the underlying mechanisms of signal dysfunction; and (3) to assess the impact of signal dysfunction induced by the microbiota on AD. This review will aid in understanding the microbiota of elderly people and the neuroinflammatory roles they may have in AD.

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