HCV infection and frequency of distribution.

Worldwide, an estimated 130-170 million people are infected with Hepatitis C. The geographic distribution of HCV infection is highly variable between and within countries. To start the antiviral therapy, it is necessary to find the genotype in order to get better forecast about observed duration of treatment. This also provides the load of virus. Treatments for patients with chronic HCV infection have recently advanced with newly licensed antivirals, which specifically target HCV. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of HCV in Faisalabad region of Pakistan and to evaluate the frequency distribution of various HCV genotypes among those with HCV infection. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional. Settings: Blood samples were received from Biotech Lab, Pinum cancer hospital Faisal Laboratory, Alshafa lab Jaranwala, Mehran Lab, Samundari, Rashid Lab, Shahkot and Molecular care, Human Molecular Diagnostic Department of Biochemistry University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Period: May 2016 to April 2017. Material and Methods: The data for this study included a total of 382 anti-HCV positive blood sera samples, collected from different collection centers. Nested reverse transcription (RT) PCR was done for the qualitative detection of HCV. RNA using primers that correspond to the relatively conservative 5'UTR noncoding region of the highly mutable HCV were used. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. Results: 233 samples were found to be confirm positive for HCV RNA by qualitative PCR. 98 (42%) were females and 135 (58%) were males. The age-group of 36-45 years bear the largest number of HCV patients (37.08%) and smallest number of patients was in the 56-65 years age-group. A total of 87.55% patients belong were below 45 years of age. The genotype 3a, 135 (77%) was the most prevalent form of all HCV genotypes in Faisalabad. A peripheral area of Faisalabad almost same distribution has been observed. The other strains detected were 2a, 29% 3b 11% were males and 5% were female), and none of the patient was detected with 2b, 4a, 5a and 6a genotype of HCV. Conclusion: This data analysis shows that there is no specific relationship of age-groups or genders in case of prevalence of different HCV Genotypes but female patients were found to have higher frequency of HCV infection.

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Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Is there a correlation between HCV genotypes and the level of viremia?

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns0606230d ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 59 (5-6) ◽

pp. 230-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dragan Delic ◽

Zorica Nesic ◽

Jasmina Simonovic ◽

Neda Svirtlih ◽

Ljubisa Dokic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Genotype 4 ◽

Hcv Genotypes ◽

Genotype 2 ◽

Chronic Hcv Infection ◽

Chronic Hcv

Introduction. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA status and HCV genotypes have become extremely important for exact diagnosis, prognosis, duration of treatment and monitoring of antiviral therapy of chronic HCV infection. Material and methods. For the purpose of precise and objective assessment of virologic analyses, such as the determination of the number of virus copies and virus genotypes, 110 patients with chronic HCV infection were tested. Genotyping of HCV isolates and HCV RNA quantification were performed by using the PCR method. Genotype lb infection was verified in 49.1% of patients, genotype 3a infection was found in 28.2%, genotype 4 in 9.1%, genotype 2 in 4.5%, while mixed genotype infections were diagnosed in 9.1% of cases. Results. Patients infected by genotype lb had significantly higher serum HCV RNA level in relation to patients infected by other genotypes (p<0.05). Over 70% of patients infected by genotype lb had more than 2xl06 virus copies in 1 ml of blood, while in genotypes 2, 3a and 4, the percentage was 40%, 38.5% and 30%, respectively. Male patients had approximately 7.7x10.6 virus copies in 1 ml of blood, which was significantly higher in comparison with female patients (2.3xl06 copies/ml; p<0.05). Conclusion. Our results are in concordance with the results of other authors reporting that genotype lb is predominant in Europe, as well as significantly higher incidence of viremia in patients with genotype lb infection in relation to other HCV genotypes. Based on these results, we can conclude that our patients, most commonly, present with severe clinical course of chronic HCV infection and require longer treatment (48 weeks), which causes economic problems. .

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Performance of HCV Antigen Testing for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Antiviral Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2022/7348755 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2022 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Geane Lopes Flores ◽

Jurema Corrêa Mota ◽

Larissa Tropiano da Silva Andrade ◽

Renata Serrano Lopes ◽

Francisco Inácio Bastos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Concordance ◽

Chronic Hcv

Background and Aims. Active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on the detection of HCV RNA that it is effective but presents high cost and the need to hire trained personnel. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of HCV Ag testing to identify HCV cases and to monitor antiviral treatment including DAA treatment. Methods. The studies were identified through a search in PubMed, Lilacs, and Scopus from 1990 through March 31, 2020. Cohort, cross-sectional, and randomized controlled trials were included. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed quality using an adapted Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Our primary outcome was to determine the accuracy of HCV Ag detection for the diagnosis, which we estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. Results. Of 3,062 articles identified, 54 met our eligibility criteria. The studies described cohorts from 20 countries, including 14,286 individuals with chronic HCV individuals. Studies for ECLIA technology demonstrated highest quality compared to studies that used ELISA. The pooled sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) for HCV Ag detection of active HCV infection were 98.82% ( 95 % CI = 98.04 %; 99.30%) and 98.95% ( 95 % CI = 97.84 %; 99.49%), respectively. High concordance was found between HCV Ag testing and HCV RNA detection 89.7% and 95% to evaluate antiviral treatment. Conclusions. According to our findings, HCV Ag testing could be useful to identify HCV active cases in low-resource areas. For antiviral treatment, HCV Ag testing will be useful at the end of treatment.

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Patterns of Coronary Dominance in Patients undergoing Coronary Angiography

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v4i3.27043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 864-868

Author(s):

Sanzida Khatun ◽

Rajesh Nepal ◽

Ranjeet Kumar Yadav

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Angiography ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total Study Population ◽

Inferior Surface ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Coronary Dominance

Introduction: Right and left coronary arteries supply the heart. The dominant vessel supplies posterior descending artery and at least one posterolateral branch to inferior surface of heart. The coronary circulation can be: right dominant, left dominant and co-dominant. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the different patterns of coronary artery dominance in patients with coronary artery disease. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in patients undergoing coronary angiography in cathlab of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. The coronary angiography was taken from all standard views. For assessing the left dominance, left anterior oblique cranial view was specially focused. Results: There were 72.9% right dominant, 22.2% left dominant and 4.9% co-dominant cases. Both sexes had similar patterns of coronary dominance (73.8% RD, 22.2% LD and 4.0% CD among males whereas, 71.4% RD, 22.1% LD and 6.5% CD among females) as that in total study population. The highest number of patients was found in 60 to 69 years of age group. More number of patients had left dominance in less than 50 years age group than in 50 years and above group. There were no significant differences in pattern of coronary dominance with age groups. Conclusion: The most prevalent type of coronary artery dominance is right dominance followed by left dominance and co-dominance.

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Estimating regional prevalence of chronic hepatitis C with a capture-recapture analysis

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06324-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Patricia A. M. Kracht ◽

Joop E. Arends ◽

Andy I. M. Hoepelman ◽

Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Hcv Prevalence ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Diagnostic Center ◽

Capture Recapture ◽

Chronic Hcv

Abstract Background The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a candidate disease for micro-elimination. Accurate baseline HCV prevalence estimation is essential to monitor progress to micro-elimination but can be methodologically challenging in low-endemic regions like the Netherlands due to lack of disaggregated data by age or risk-groups on the number of chronic HCV patients (i.e. HCV RNA positive). This study estimates the number of patients that has had a chronic HCV infection (ever-chronic) in the Utrecht region of the Netherlands. Methods In the Utrecht province in the Netherlands, positive HCV tests from the period 2001–2015 from one diagnostic center and four hospital laboratories were collected. A two-source capture-recapture method was used to analyze the overlap between the two registries (with 92% HCV RNA and 8% HCV immunoblot confirmed infections) to obtain the number of ever-chronic HCV infections in the Utrecht region. The Utrecht region was defined as an area with a 25 km radius from the Utrecht city center. The current viremic HCV prevalence was calculated by taking into account the proportion of cured and deceased HCV patients from a local HCV retrieval (REACH) project. Results The estimated number of ever-chronic HCV patients was 1245 (95% CI 1164–1326) and would indicate a prevalence of 0.10 (95% CI 0.09–0.10) in the Utrecht region. This is 30% (95% CI 21–38%) more than the number of known HCV patients in the records. The ever-chronic HCV prevalence was highest in the 1960–1969 age cohort (0.16; 95% CI 0.14–0.18). Since 50% of the HCV patients were cured or deceased in the REACH-project, the number of current viremic HCV patients was estimated at 623 individuals in the Utrecht region (prevalence 0.05%). Conclusion The results of this study suggest a low ever-chronic and current HCV prevalence in the Utrecht area in the Netherlands, but other studies need to confirm this.

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Clinical Profile of Ocular Diseases at a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Mid-Western Nepal

Nepalese Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/nmj.v4i1.37847 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 439-441

Author(s):

Pragya Singh Basnet ◽

Sagun Malla ◽

Deepa Sharma ◽

Roshan Gautam

Keyword(s):

Health Care Services ◽

Age Groups ◽

Health Science ◽

Age Group ◽

Eye Care ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Care Services ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Study Results ◽

Department Of Ophthalmology

Introduction: Nepal is a developing country where most of the population does not have access to proper health care services and on top of that eye care services do not reach the entire population. This study aimed to determine the pattern of ocular morbidity in patients attending the ophthalmic OPD of Rapti Academy of Health Sciences. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology of Rapti Academy of Health Science, Dang. The study period was Poush 2077 to Chaitra 2077. All the patients visiting the OPD of the Ophthalmology department with an ocular problem were included in the study. Results: A total of 1000 patients were examined during the study period. The patient's ages below 1 year were excluded so a total of 970 samples was selected. In which 625 (64.4%) were female and 345 (35.6%) were male. Most patients 92.9% were from Dang followed by Rolpa 4.1%, Rukum 1.4%, Pyuthan 0.9%, and Salyan 0.6%. Patients were examined from all age groups except for 1 year which was excluded. Out of the total patients, a maximum number of patients were female and the maximum number of patients were in the age group of 21- 30 years and followed by more than or equal to 60 years age group. Conclusions: This study will help in obtaining epidemiology of Ocular disease for proper planning and management in the hospital.

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Ten-year trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86199-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kwang-il Kim ◽

Eunjeong Ji ◽

Jung-yeon Choi ◽

Sun-wook Kim ◽

Soyeon Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Age Group ◽

Hypertension Treatment ◽

Treatment Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

And Control

AbstractWe analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database to determine the trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea over the past 10 years. In addition, we tried to investigate the effect of chronic medical conditions on hypertension management. We investigated the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate from 2008 to 2017. KNHANES, which uses a stratified multistage sampling design, is a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey conducted by the Korean government. A total of 59,282 adults (≥ 20 years) were included, which was representative of the total population of around 40 million Koreans per year. The mean age was 50.7 ± 16.4 years and 42.6% were male. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity significantly increased over the 10 years. During this period, the hypertension treatment and control rate significantly improved. Hypertension treatment rate was significantly lower in the younger age group compared to the older age group, but the control rate among the treated patients was not significantly different between age groups. The treatment and control rates of hypertension were higher in patients with multimorbidity, which implies that it has a favorable effect on the treatment and control of hypertension. Hypertension treatment and control rate have improved over the past 10 years. The higher treatment and control rate in patients with multimorbidity suggest that the more aggressive surveillance might be associated with the improvement of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea.

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Comparison of Prevalence of Periodontitis with Different Indices in Population of District Ghaziabad

Dental Journal of Advance Studies ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1672041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 04 (01) ◽

pp. 023-030

Author(s):

Vimal Kumar ◽

Pallak Arora ◽

Manish Khatri ◽

Shivani Sharma ◽

Sumit Malhotra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Total Population ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sample Population ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Younger Age ◽

Study Population

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease with different indices. Methods & materials: The study population consisted of multistage stratified random sample of 1300 subjects from total population of district Ghaziabad. A cross-sectional study was conducted with multi stage stratified random sampling techniques to select the sample population. The subjects were divided into different age groups and the periodontal assessment was made on the basis of CPITN index and ESI Index. Results: The CPITN has shown to estimate incorrect periodontal disease prevalence because of its underestimation of the disease severity. A huge difference was noticed in the prevalence rate of periodontitis when subjects were examined with ESI index. Conclusion Periodontal disease was found to be highly prevalent in the study population and severity of disease increased with age. More number of subjects in younger age group were found to be healthy.

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Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of liver-related and non-liver-related deaths: a population-based cohort study in Naples, southern Italy

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06336-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pierluca Piselli ◽

Diego Serraino ◽

Mario Fusco ◽

Enrico Girardi ◽

Angelo Pirozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Italy ◽

Population Based ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Chronic Hcv Infection ◽

Chronic Hcv ◽

Related Mortality

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a global health issue with severe implications on morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of HCV infection on all-cause, liver-related, and non-liver-related mortality in a population living in an area with a high prevalence of HCV infection before the advent of Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) therapies, and to identify factors associated with cause-specific mortality among HCV-infected individuals. Methods We conducted a cohort study on 4492 individuals enrolled between 2003 and 2006 in a population-based seroprevalence survey on viral hepatitis infections in the province of Naples, southern Italy. Study participants provided serum for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA testing. Information on vital status to December 2017 and cause of death were retrieved through record-linkage with the mortality database. Hazard ratios (HRs) for cause-specific mortality and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Fine-Grey regression models. Results Out of 626 deceased people, 20 (3.2%) died from non-natural causes, 56 (8.9%) from liver-related conditions, 550 (87.9%) from non-liver-related causes. Anti-HCV positive people were at higher risk of death from all causes (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12–1.70) and liver-related causes (HR = 5.90, 95% CI: 3.00–11.59) than anti-HCV negative ones. Individuals with chronic HCV infection reported an elevated risk of death due to liver-related conditions (HR = 6.61, 95% CI: 3.29–13.27) and to any cause (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.18–1.94). The death risk of anti-HCV seropositive people with negative HCV RNA was similar to that of anti-HCV seronegative ones. Among anti-HCV positive people, liver-related mortality was associated with a high FIB-4 index score (HR = 39.96, 95% CI: 4.73–337.54). Conclusions These findings show the detrimental impact of HCV infection on all-cause mortality and, particularly, liver-related mortality. This effect emerged among individuals with chronic infection while those with cleared infection had the same risk of uninfected ones. These results underline the need to identify through screening all people with chronic HCV infection notably in areas with a high prevalence of HCV infection, and promptly provide them with DAAs treatment to achieve progressive HCV elimination and reduce HCV-related mortality.

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Prospective study of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients by monthly analysis of HCV RNA and antibodies

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w03-065 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

pp. 503-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Regina Moreira ◽

João Renato Rebello Pinho ◽

Jorge Fares ◽

Isabel Takano Oba ◽

Maria Regina Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Hcv Genotypes ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Time Required

The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate the prevalence and the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients in two different centers in São Paulo (Brazil), (ii) determine the time required to detect HCV infection among these patients by serology or PCR, (iii) establish the importance of alanine aminotransferase determination as a marker of HCV infection, and (iv) identify the HCV genotypes in this population. Serum samples were collected monthly for 1 year from 281 patients admitted to hospital for hemodialysis. Out of 281 patients, 41 patients (14.6%) were HCV positive; six patients seroconverted during this study (incidence = 3.1/1000 person-month). In 1.8% (5/281) of cases, RNA was detected before the appearance of antibodies (up to 5 months), and in 1.1% (3/281) of cases, RNA was the unique marker of HCV infection. The genotypes found were 1a, 1b, 3a, and 4a. The presence of genotype 4a is noteworthy, since it is a rare genotype in Brazil. These data pointed out the high prevalence and incidence of HCV infection at hemodialysis centers in Brazil and showed that routine PCR is fundamental for improving the detection of HCV carriers among patients undergoing hemodialysis.Key words: HCV genotypes, hemodialysis, hepatitis C, PCR, prevalence, incidence.

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Abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age group women: a study on clinicopathological evaluation and management

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175844 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

Sreelakshmi U. ◽

Tushara Bindu V. ◽

Subhashini T.

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽

Uterine Bleeding ◽

Endometrial Tissue ◽

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Age Group ◽

Histopathological Findings ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Perimenopausal Women

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common and frequent presenting complaint in Gynaecology Outpatient Department in all age groups, especially in perimenopausal women. Objective of present study was clinicopathological evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age group women.Methods: The present study was prospective analytical study conducted at Mallareddy Narayana Multi-speciality Hospital, reputed teaching hospital, in Obstetrics and gynaecology department in association with department of pathology from January 2015 to December 2016. Perimenopausal women in age group 45-55 years included in this study. Other age groups with abnormal uterine bleeding, isolated cervical or vaginal pathology, bleeding diathesis, and pregnancy related causes of bleeding excluded from this study. Endometrial tissue collected by sampling procedure such as dilatation and curettage. Proper counselling about management was given to all women related to medical and surgical interventional approaches.Results: A total of 135 women with abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age were examined after fulfilling criteria during study period of 2 years. The age of participants in mean±SD was 46.68±2.03 years (min 45 years and max 55 years). Maximum number of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding presented in age group of 45-50 years. The most common symptoms were heavy menstrual bleeding (83.7%), followed by frequent menstrual bleeding (26.6%). Proliferative endometrium was the most common histopathological (30.3%) study followed by secretory endometrium (27.4%). Surgical management was given to 94 patients.Conclusions: Heavy menstrual bleeding and frequent menstrual bleeding were mostly correlated with abnormal endometrial histopathological findings in this study. Gynaecologists should pay attention towards these abnormal bleeding patterns along with the evaluation of endometrial tissue for histopathological findings, which will help us to plan for successful management.

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