Analysis and Research on the Relationship Between Educational Investment, Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation in Middle-income countries

This study relates economic development to one of the well-observed predictors of domestic terrorism—minority discrimination—and revisits the relationship between terrorism and economic development. We argue that terrorism may be a rational choice when minorities’ exclusion from political power and relative deprivation from public goods increases and the unsettling forces in the initial phases of economic development provide aggrieved people with opportunities for mobilization. We find that economic development has a curvilinear relationship with terrorism. Highly developed countries are less likely to experience domestic terrorism than less-developed ones and the least developed countries have few targets. However, both rich and middle-income countries are vulnerable to domestic terrorism in the presence of minority discrimination.

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Structural Change as a Modernization Process

New Perspectives on Structural Change ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198850113.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 217-239

Author(s):

Alejandro Lavopa ◽

Adam Szirmai

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Structural Change ◽

Labour Force ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Middle Income ◽

Employment Share ◽

Catch Up ◽

Modernization Process ◽

Relative Productivity ◽

The Relationship

This chapter analyses economic development through the lens of a newly developed index: the structural modernization index. This index combines two dimensions that have been widely invoked as prime drivers of economic development namely, structural change and technological catch-up. For each country, the index calculates the productivity gap with respect to the world frontier in activities that typically represent the modern sector of the economy and weights this relative productivity by the employment share of those activities in the total labour force. The index is calculated for a sample of 115 countries over the period 1960–2014. It is used to explore the relationship between structural modernization and the ability to escape poverty and middle-income traps.

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Exploring Perceived Well-Being from Urban Parks: Insights from a Megacity in Latin America

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12187586 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 7586

Author(s):

Andrea Parra-Saldívar ◽

Sebastián Abades ◽

Juan L. Celis-Diez ◽

Stefan Gelcich

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Urban Parks ◽

Well Being ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Global Scale ◽

Ecological Knowledge ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Relationship

Urbanization has impacted biodiversity and ecosystems at a global scale. At the same time, it has been recognized as a driver of the physical and emotional gap between humans and nature. The lack of direct contact with nature can have a negative impact on several aspects of human well-being and change knowledge and attitudes of people towards the environment. However, this phenomenon is still poorly understood in megacities outside developed countries. Here, we explore the relationship between ecological knowledge and self-reported well-being in an important urban park in Santiago, Chile. We conducted semi-structured surveys of park users to explore their beliefs, preferences, ecological knowledge of plants and birds, and self-reported well-being. Citizens associated urban parks mainly with “nature,” and particularly with the presence of trees and plants. Trees were recognized as the most relevant elements of urban parks; in turn, birds were ranked as the less relevant. Regarding formal ecological knowledge, respondents correctly identified an average of 2.01 plants and 2.44 birds out of a total of 10 for each taxon, and exotic species were more likely to be recognized. Park users also reported high scores for self-reported well-being. Interestingly, variance of self-reported well-being scores tended to increase at low levels of ecological knowledge of trees, but no significant relationship was detected with knowledge of birds, nor native species. Ecological knowledge of trees was positively related to self-reported well-being. Results suggest that parks can positively contribute to bring people closer to nature in middle-income countries. Improving ecological knowledge can be critical to restore the relationship between humans and nature in megacities.

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Economic Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries after Decolonization

Intellectual Property and the New International Economic Order ◽

10.1017/9781316823088.003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 17-29

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Low And Middle Income

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Maternal BMI mediates the impact of crop-related agricultural work during pregnancy on infant length in rural Pakistan: a mediation analysis of cross-sectional data

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-019-2638-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca Pradeilles ◽

Elizabeth Allen ◽

Haris Gazdar ◽

Hussain Bux Mallah ◽

Azmat Budhani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Infancy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Agricultural Work ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Rural Pakistan ◽

The Relationship ◽

Maternal Bmi ◽

Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Stunted growth in early infancy is a public health problem in low-and-middle income countries. Evidence suggests heavy agricultural work during pregnancy is inversely associated with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant birth weight in low- and middle-income countries; but pathways linking agricultural work to length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) in early infancy have not been examined. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between agricultural work during pregnancy, post-natal maternal BMI and LAZ among young infants in rural Pakistan; and explored whether maternal BMI mediated the relationship between agricultural work and infant LAZ. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2015 to January 2016 in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Mother-infant dyads were recruited via systematic random cluster sampling at 2–12 weeks’ post-partum (n = 1161). Anthropometric measurements (maternal and infant height/length and weight) and questionnaire data were collected. Multivariable linear regression and structural-equation based mediation analyses were used to examine associations of agricultural work during pregnancy with maternal BMI and infant LAZ. Results During pregnancy, women reported engaging in livestock-related work (57.0%), crop-related work (42.7%), and cotton harvesting (28.4%). All three forms of agricultural work were negatively associated with maternal BMI (β = − 0.67 [− 1.06; − 0.28], β = − 0.97 [− 1.51; − 0.48]; and β = − 0.87 [− 1.33; − 0.45], respectively). Maternal engagement in cotton harvesting alone was negatively associated with infant LAZ after controlling for confounding factors. The total negative effect of cotton harvesting on infant LAZ was − 0.35 [− 0.53; − 0.16]. The indirect effect of maternal BMI on infant LAZ was − 0.06 [− 0.08; − 0.03], revealing that 16% (− 0.06/− 0.35) of the relationship between cotton harvesting and infant LAZ, after adjustment, was mediated via maternal BMI. Conclusion These results underscore a need to reduce labour-intensive agricultural workload demands during pregnancy, especially in cotton harvesting, to reduce risks of negative maternal energy balance and poor growth outcomes in early infancy.

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Is Greenfield Investment Greener for the Welfare of Lower-Middle Income Countries? Market based Empirical Analysis with GMM Approach

Journal of Marketing Strategies ◽

10.52633/jms.v3i3.111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 194-206

Author(s):

Ali Raza ◽

Muhammad Iqbal ◽

Nasir Hussian

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Income Group ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Host Countries ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Middle Income Group ◽

One Step ◽

Complete Data Analysis

Globalization is considered as the catalyst for the progress of economic activities and economic development of lower-middle-income countries. Greenfield investment not only promotes welfare but also helps in the health and education sector of these countries. This study examined thirty-four (34) sampled countries of the lower-middle-income group from different regions for a time span of 1998-2017. Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003) test is applied for testing panel unit root and one step system GMM technique is applied for the complete data analysis. The results of the study concluded that greenfield investment has increased economic growth and helped to push the welfare activities of sampled countries. Besides the increase in economic growth and welfare, greenfield investment also brings improvement in the health and education sectors through the transfer of new and advanced technologies from the developed nation firms to the host countries. Therefore, lower-middle-income countries must approve soft and friendly economic and business policies for the attraction of foreign investors from abroad. Such policies will help in promoting and increasing economic activities and economic development of the sampled countries.

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Utilizing Technology during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Christian Journal for Global Health ◽

10.15566/cjgh.v7i5.479 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 94-98

Author(s):

Daryn Joy Go ◽

Natalee Hung ◽

Hannah Ferrolino ◽

Kendall Wilson ◽

Mia Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Spiritual Needs ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Field Report ◽

Development Ngos

National lockdowns and social distancing measures enforced in response to COVID-19 have forced many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) serving in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to suspend their operations. While low-income families continue to suffer from hunger and poverty, community quarantine restrictions additionally isolated them from town centers where healthcare, education, food, supplies, and livelihood opportunities are usually accessed. International Care Ministries (ICM) is a Philippine-based NGO that runs a poverty-alleviation program targeted towards extreme low-income households. As we re-evaluated how we may continue to effectively minister and serve our communities despite lockdown measures, we identified two priorities: (1) to serve people’s physical needs by providing food and access to healthcare, and (2) to serve people’s spiritual needs through spiritual feeding and community. In this field report, we describe how ICM was able to identify and use social network platforms as an alternative to continue both service delivery and spiritual feeding remotely. We hope this example may encourage other development NGOs to persevere as we all continue to seek ways to adapt to these extraordinary and seemingly ever-changing circumstances.

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Urbanisation and asthma in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the urban–rural differences in asthma prevalence

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211793 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (11) ◽

pp. 1020-1030 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alejandro Rodriguez ◽

Elizabeth Brickley ◽

Laura Rodrigues ◽

Rebecca Alice Normansell ◽

Mauricio Barreto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Asthma Prevalence ◽

Geographical Differences ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Relationship

BackgroundUrbanisation has been associated with temporal and geographical differences in asthma prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known of the mechanisms by which urbanisation and asthma are associated, perhaps explained by the methodological approaches used to assess the urbanisation-asthma relationship.ObjectiveThis review evaluated how epidemiological studies have assessed the relationship between asthma and urbanisation in LMICs, and explored urban/rural differences in asthma prevalence.MethodsAsthma studies comparing urban/rural areas, comparing cities and examining intraurban variation were assessed for eligibility. Included publications were evaluated for methodological quality and pooled OR were calculated to indicate the risk of asthma in urban over rural areas.ResultsSeventy articles were included in our analysis. Sixty-three compared asthma prevalence between urban and rural areas, five compared asthma prevalence between cities and two examined intraurban variation in asthma prevalence. Urban residence was associated with a higher prevalence of asthma, regardless of asthma definition: current-wheeze OR:1.46 (95% CI:1.22 to 1.74), doctor diagnosis OR:1.89 (95% CI:1.47 to 2.41), wheeze-ever OR:1.44 (95% CI:1.15 to 1.81), self-reported asthma OR:1.77 (95% CI:1.33 to 2.35), asthma questionnaire OR:1.52 (95% CI:1.06 to 2.16) and exercise challenge OR:1.96 (95% CI:1.32 to 2.91).ConclusionsMost evidence for the relationship between urbanisation and asthma in LMICs comes from studies comparing urban and rural areas. These studies tend to show a greater prevalence of asthma in urban compared to rural populations. However, these studies have been unable to identify which specific characteristics of the urbanisation process may be responsible. An approach to understand how different dimensions of urbanisation, using contextual household and individual indicators, is needed for a better understanding of how urbanisation affects asthma.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017064470.

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Foreign Direct Investment as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation

Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage - Analyzing the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Foreign Direct Investment ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0305-7.ch009 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 127-137

Author(s):

James Rossi ◽

Genevieve Dupont

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Previous Literature ◽

Absolute Poverty ◽

The Relationship

It has been argued that “Absolute poverty can be alleviated if at least two conditions are met. First, economic growth must occur—or mean income must rise—on a sustained basis. Second, economic growth must be neutral with respect to income distribution or reduce income inequality.” By way of reference to current and previous literature on economic development, this chapter aims to investigate the relationship between poverty, economic growth, and income distribution, as a means of mitigating gaps in the literature on the topic, as well as contributing to the literature of Foreign Direct Investment as a tool for poverty alleviation.

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Chronic kidney disease and the aging population

African Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.21804/17-1-738 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 6-10

Author(s):

Marcello Tonelli ◽

Miguel Riella

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Economic Development ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

General Population ◽

Population Aging ◽

Aging Population ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Socio Economic Development

The proportion of older people in the general population is steadily increasing worldwide, with the most rapid growth in low- and middle-income countries [1]. This demographic change is to be celebrated, because it is the consequence of socio-economic development and a better life expectancy. However, population aging also has important implications on society – in diverse areas including health systems, labour markets, public policy, social programmes, and family dynamics [2]. A successful response to the aging population will require capitalising on opportunities this transition offers, as well as effectively addressing its challenges.

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