Some institutions of higher education in Kenya have adopted
e‑Learning with the aim of coping with the increased demand for
university education and to widen access to university training and
education. Though there are advantages that accrue from adopting
e‑Learning; its implementation and provision has not been smooth
sailing. It has had to contend with certain national,
organisational, technical and social challenges that undermine its
successful implementation. This paper therefore aims to present a
literature review of the challenges faced in the implementation and
provision of e‑Learning in universities in Kenya. The scoping review
method was used to identify and analyze the literature of the
e‑Learning challenges. Some of the challenges revealed include: lack
of adequate e‑Learning policies, inadequate Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, the ever evolving
technologies, lack of technical and pedagogical competencies and
training for e‑tutors and e‑learners, lack of an e‑Learning theory
to underpin the e‑Learning practice, budgetary constraints and
sustainability issues, negative perceptions towards e‑Learning,
quality issues, domination of e‑Learning aims by technology and
market forces and lack of collaboration among the e‑Learning
participants. These challenges need to be addressed to minimise
their impact on implementation and delivery of e‑Learning
initiatives in institutions of higher education in Kenya. This
analysis of the e‑Learning challenges forms the basis for the
ongoing research that seeks to explore and establish possible
strategies to address some of these challenges.
Leading trends in digital technologies and e-learning: challenges for higher education
