scholarly journals Design of a Solar Powered Reverse Osmosis System in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Said M. A. Ibrahim ◽  
Ahmed G. M. Shabak
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
The Cost

Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy.

scholarly journals Innovative Design of Solar-Powered Desalination (SPD) System using Vacuum-Multi Effect Membrane Distillation (V-MEMD) Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 08010
Author(s):  
Achmad Chafidz ◽  
Faisal RM ◽  
Esa D. Kerme ◽  
Irfan Wazeer ◽  
Saeed M. AlZahrani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Solar Powered

This research focused on the development of an innovative design of solar-powered desalination (SPD) system which was expected to solve the water and energy problem simultaneously. We have developed a portable and hybrid solar-powered desalination (SPD) system for producing potable water from saline water. It is a self-contained and integrated system which combines solar-thermal collector and solar-photovoltaic for its operation, and thus the system can operate to produce water by only using solar energy. Therefore, the system is highly suitable to be implemented in remote arid and coastal areas without infrastructures or connection to the grid (water and power), but blessed with abundant solar irradiation, like in Saudi Arabia. A Memsys Vacuum Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation (V-MEMD) unit was used as the core of the SPD system. A heat pump was also integrated into the SPD system for energy recovery and to improve the performance of the system. The system could be considered as sustainable and “green” desalination technology, which will be very useful for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To study the performance of the system, small-scale tests have been carried out at the Engineering College - King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Based on the experimental results, the system has run successfully by only utilizing solar energy.

Process Simulation of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant Powered by Photovoltaic Panels for Kalymnos Island

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Amati ◽  
Carlos Herrando Zapater ◽  
Enrico Sciubba ◽  
Javier Uche Marcuello
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Health Organization

The present paper discusses a novel application of the currently most popular water desalination technology: a solar-powered reverse osmosis plant (PV-RO in the following). Kalymnos, one of the Greek Dodecanese islands, was selected as the site for the design exercise. The solar irradiation data for this location were used to design the PV-RO plant that is simulated in this paper. The PV power production varies with insolation, and therefore the plant operates under variable flow conditions. This variability, as well as that induced by cloudy weather, is reduced by means of suitable electrical storage (a Pb-acid battery array). The influence of some relevant process parameters is studied by means of a numerical process simulation of the plant, and a pseudo-optimal operating point was found that minimizes the energy consumption per unit mass of distillate, within the World Health Organization standards of salt concentration. An economic analysis is also performed to calculate the product cost: the results indicate that the PV-RO plant is much more cost effective than the present ship-based water delivery system. An exergy and thermo-economic analysis are provided as well.

Design Optimization of a Solar-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination System for Small Communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihun Kim ◽  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohamed El Morsi ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Sayed Metwalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Solar Powered

Fresh water availability is essential for the economic development in small communities in remote areas. In desert climate, where naturally occurring fresh water is scarce, seawater or brackish water from wells is often more abundant. Since water desalination approaches are energy intensive, a strong motivation exists for the design of cost-effective desalination systems that utilize the abundant renewable energy resource; solar energy. This paper presents an optimization model of a solar-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. RO systems rely on pumping salty water at high pressure through semi-permeable membrane modules. Under sufficient pressure, water molecules will flow through the membranes, leaving salt ions behind, and are collected in a fresh water stream. Since RO system are primarily powered via electricity, the system model incorporates photovoltaic (PV) panels, and battery storage for smoothing out fluctuations in the PV power output, as well as allowing system operation for a number of hours after sunset. Design variables include sizing of the PV solar collectors, battery storage capacity, as well as the sizing of the RO system membrane module and power elements. The objective is to minimize the cost of unit volume produced fresh water, subject to constraints on production capacity. A genetic algorithm is used to generate and compare optimal designs for two different locations near the Red Sea and Sinai.

Solar Array and Battery Sizing for a Photovoltaic Building in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nabipour Afrouzi ◽  
Saeed Vahabi Mashak ◽  
Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek ◽  
Kamyar Mehranzamir ◽  
Behnam Salimi
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Array ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Renewable energy plays an important role in the national energy policy especially in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For a photovoltaic (PV) system, one important consideration is the cost of the system. One needs to select the best PV array from a range of selection, that is, the one which is the most efficient and with a best price. This article illustrates a method to compute the size and cost of a required PV array, and then after to compute the required battery for the case of a photovoltaic building in Malaysia. The computation is simulated using Matlab integrated with suitable mathematical equations. The generated current and power of the PV array are calculated for daily solar irradiation in Malaysia. The computation enables the user to quickly compute the initial cost needed to be spent if a given PV system is to be installed. A typical building requiring 12 kWh daily energy with 6 kW peak demand load was shown to need at least 114 solar modules at a cost of about RM53k. It is noted that the main cost of the whole PV system is mainly contributed by the cost of the chosen PV array. Hence, the right choice of a PV module is vital in achieving the minimum cost.

scholarly journals Converting a Water Pressurized Network in a Small Town into a Solar Power Water System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4013
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Pardo ◽  
Héctor Fernández ◽  
Antonio Jodar-Abellan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Water System ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
The Cost

The efficient management of water and energy is one challenge for managers of water pressurized systems. In a scheme with high pressure on the environment, solar power appears as an opportunity for nonrenewable energy expenditure reduction and emissions elimination. In Spain, new legislation that eliminates old taxes associated with solar energy production, a drop in the cost of solar photovoltaic modules, and higher values of irradiance has converted solar powered water systems into one of the trendiest topics in the water industry. One alternative to store energy (compulsory in standalone photovoltaic systems) when managing pressurized urban water networks is the use of head tanks (tanks accumulate water during the day and release it at night). This work intends to compare the pressurized network running as a standalone system and a hybrid solution that incorporates solar energy supply and electricity grids. The indicator used for finding the best choice is the net present value for the solar power water system lifespan. This study analyzed the possibility of transferring the energy surplus obtained at midday to the electricity grid, a circumstance introduced in the Spanish legislation since April 2019. We developed a real case study in a small town in the Alicante Province, whose findings provide planning policymakers with very useful information in this case and similar case studies

Solar Desalination System Model for Sizing of Photovoltaic Reverse Osmosis (PVRO)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulelah Habib ◽  
Vahraz Zamani ◽  
Jan Kleissl
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Irradiance Data ◽  
Electrical Loads ◽  
Algorithm Implementation

The focus of this paper is to optimize the solar energy utilization in the water desalination process. Due to variable nature of solar energy, new system design is needed to address this challenge. Here, reverse osmosis units, as the electrical loads, are considered as an ON/OFF units to track these solar energy variations. Reverse osmosis units are different in sizes and numbers. Various combinations of reverse osmosis units in size and capacity provide different water desalination system performances. To assess each scenario of reverse osmosis units, the total capital cost and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost are considered. The implemented optimization algorithm search all of the possible scenarios to find the best solution. This paper deploys the solar irradiance data which is provided from west coast (Red Sea) of Saudi Arabia for model construction and optimization algorithm implementation.

scholarly journals Mathematical Approach to Improve the Thermoeconomics of a Humidification Dehumidification Solar Desalination System

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rasikh Tariq ◽  
Jacinto Torres Jimenez ◽  
Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh ◽  
Sohail Khan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
The Cost

Water desalination presents a need to address the growing water-energy nexus. In this work, a literature survey is carried out, along an application of a mathematical model is presented to enhance the freshwater productivity rate of a solar-assisted humidification-dehumidification (HDH) type of desalination system. The prime novelty of this work is to recover the waste heat by reusing the feedwater at the exit of the condenser in the brackish water storage tank and to carry out the analysis of its effectiveness in terms of the system’s yearly thermoeconomics. The developed mathematical model for each of the components of the plant is solved through an iterative procedure. In a parametric study, the influence of mass flow rates (MFRs) of inlet air, saline water, feedwater, and air temperature on the freshwater productivity is shown with and without the waste heat recovery from the condensing coil. It is reported that the production rate of water is increased to a maximum of 15% by recovering the waste heat. Furthermore, yearly analysis has shown that the production rate of water is increased to a maximum of 16% for June in the location of Taxila, Pakistan. An analysis is also carried out on the economics of the proposed modification, which shows that the cost per litre of the desalinated water is reduced by ~13%. It is concluded that the water productivity of an HDH solar desalination plant can be significantly increased by recovering the waste heat from the condensing coil.

Studies on the Design of Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Systems for Cost and Energy Efficiency

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohammed Shalaby ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Mohamed F. Aly ◽  
Kazuhiro Saitou
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Salt Ions ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Cost

This paper explores optimal design of reverse osmosis (RO) systems for water desalination. In these systems, salty water flows at high pressure through vessels containing semi-permeable membrane modules. The membranes can allow water to flow through, but prohibit the passage of salt ions. When the pressure is sufficiently high, water molecules will flow through the membranes leaving the salt ions behind, and are collected in a fresh water stream. Typical system design variables include the number and layout of the vessels and membrane modules, as well as the operating pressure and flow rate. This paper presents models for single and two-stage pressure vessel configurations. The models are used to explore the various design scenarios in order to minimize the cost and energy required per unit volume of produced fresh water. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) is used to generate the Pareto-optimal design scenarios for the systems. Case studies are considered for four different water salinity concentration levels. Results of the studies indicate that even though the energy required to drive the RO system is a major contributor to the cost of fresh water production, there exists a tradeoff between minimum energy and minimum cost. An additional parametric study on the unit cost of energy is performed in order to explore future trends. The parametric study demonstrates how an increase in the unit cost of energy may shift the minimum cost designs to shift to more energy-efficient design scenarios.

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