"Without bargaining with your conscience": observations about the linguopoetics of N. A. Nekrasov’s lyrical poetry (to the 200th anniversary of the birth)

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
D. A. Romanov

The article aims to reveal N. A. Nekrasov’s linguopoetic innovations which underpinned the evolution of the subsequent Russian poetry. Various lexical layers of Nekrasov’s lyrical poetry and their formation against a background of the literary Russian language dynamics in the 1850–70s are analysed. The research outlines the major poetic themes of Nekrasov’s poetry, its linguistic content, and compositional development. The paper also devotes attention to the poet’s metrics and versification (in accordance with M. L. Gasparov’s theory concerning the relationship between metre and meaning). Additionally, specific syntactic features of Nekrasov’s poems, their emotional content, and pathos are revealed. N. A. Nekrasov’s thematic, linguistic, and compositional discoveries are compared with various poetic movements in the Russian poetry at the end of the XIXth and in XXth centuries. Besides the observation of the text, lexical semantic and stylistic analysis, the research also exploits the statistical and linguochronological potential of the Russian National Corpus.

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-192

Исследование выполнено в русле актуального антропоцентрического направления в лингвистике и связано с изучением активных процессов в современном русском языке, отражающих динамику русского национального менталитета и русской языковой картины мира. В статье рассматривается такое глубинное свойство русской речи, как эмоциональность, которая проявляется в языковых ка-тегориях оценочности и интенсивности.Цель исследования – установление связи между категориями оценочности и интенсивности на материале словообразовательных и лексико-семантических единиц из лексикографических источ-ников и медийных текстов.В результате исследования охарактеризованы словообразовательные и лексико-семантические интенсификаторы в функционально-прагматическом аспекте. К словообразовательным интенси-фикаторам относятся словообразовательные аффиксы, аффиксоиды (в основном размерно-оценоч-ной семантики) и отдельные способы словообразования (в частности некоторые разновидности способа сложения). К лексическим интенсификаторам относятся отдельные виды лексем: оценочно универсальные интенсификаторы; интенсификаторы, тяготеющие к выражению положительной или отрицательной оценки (в определенном контексте); интенсификаторы, выражающие (по сво-ей семантике) положительную или отрицательную оценку. В статье показано такое расширение функционального диапазона интенсификаторов, как оценочная амбивалентность размерно-оце-ночных аффиксов, оксюморонность и амбивалентность лексических интенсификаторов.Одним из векторов развития лексических интенсификаторов является синтагматическое рас-ширение, в результате которого в речи возникают и закрепляются всё новые словосочетания, не соответствующие традиции употребления и нарушающие сложившиеся правила лексической со-четаемости, закрепленные в словарях. Расширение сочетаемости служит условием семантических и оценочных трансформаций интенсификатора. Употребление интенсификатора в оценочно дис-сонирующем окружении выполняет в тексте определенные прагматические и стилистические цели (повышение экспрессивности текста, создание эффекта оксюморона, иронии или шутки). При этом обилие таких употреблений в медийных, художественных тестах и в разговорной речи, а также по-вторяемость моделей синтагматического смещения говорит о динамике развития оценки в классе лексических интенсификаторов в русском языке новейшего периода. Оценочное расширение, когда «положительно ориентированные» интенсификаторы вторгаются в зону негативных явлений, и на-оборот, негативные характеристики – в зону явлений позитивных, рассматривается как тенденция к снятию оценочных ограничений и к универсализации оценки.Явления, описанные в статье, в целом показывают развитие семантической категории интенсив-ности в русском языке XXI века, находящее выражение в динамике таких ее составляющих, как способы словообразования, словообразовательные единицы, лексические единицы.The research is based on the current anthropocentric trend in linguistics and is related to the study of active processes in the modern Russian language reflecting the dynamics of the Russian national mentality and the Russian linguistic image of the world. The paper considers such a deep property of Russian speech as emotionality, which is manifested in the language categories of evaluation and intensity.The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media texts.As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized in the functional-pragmatic aspect. Word-building intensifiers include word-formative affixes, affixoids (mainly of dimensional-evaluative semantics), and various means of word-building (in particular, some varieties of composition). Lexical intensifiers include certain types of lexemes: evaluative universal intensifiers; intensifiers that tend to express positive or negative evaluation (in a certain context); intensifiers that express (by their semantics) positive or negative evaluation. The paper shows such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, oxymoron quality, and the ambivalence of lexical intensifiers.One of the vectors of the development of lexical intensifiers is syntagmatic expansion, which results in emerging in speech and fixing new word combinations that do not correspond to the tradition of usage and violate the established rules of lexical compatibility fixed in dictionaries. The combinability extension serves as a condition for semantic and evaluative transformations of the intensifier. The use of an intensifier in an evaluative dissonant environment fulfils certain pragmatic and stylistic goals in the text (increasing the expressiveness of the text, creating the effect of an oxymoron, irony, or joke). The abundance of such instances of use in media texts, literary works, and spoken language as well as the repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. Evaluation expansion, when “positively oriented” intensifiers invade the zone of negative phenomena, and vice versa, negative characteristics in the zone of positive phenomena, is considered as a tendency to remove evaluation restrictions and to universalize evaluation.The phenomena described in the paper generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, and lexical units.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-620
Author(s):  
Anna S. Smirnova ◽  

Based on the National corpus data of the Russian language and especially on Mikhail Lomonosov’s texts, the article focuses on a pronoun pair sei — onyi. In the Church Slavonic and in the Middle Russian language these pronouns were used in the deictic and substitution (anaphoric) function. The pronoun pair sei and onyi in a phrase or period indicates a juxtaposition or opposition of objects and these pronouns are used in a substitution function. Closer attention to these pronouns in Lomonosov’s works and translations makes it possible to notice one feature that is not fixed in dictionaries and grammars, the peculiarity of using this pair of pronouns in anaphoric function: sei replaces the last (nearest) mentioned object and onyi replaces the first mentioned one. Rare examples of such use are also found in the translated texts of the Church Slavonic and Middle Russian corpus. Similar examples are found in the body of Lomonosov’s texts not only in his translated texts, but also in his self-translations and own Russian works (in prose and poetry). As the examples illustrate, the use of the pronominal pair sei — onyi in Lomonosov’s texts was influenced by the pronominal pair hic — ille in the classical Latin. By borrowing and developing the Latin model of pronouns Lomonosov sought to combine the Russian language with the Latin element in order to show the relationship of the Russian language with the ancient one and their cultural equality.


Author(s):  
Irina Muhachyova ◽  

The paper discusses semantic and syntactic features of four Russian verbs denoting liquidation of external physical condition – the verbs razbintovat' ('take off a bandage'), razvernut' ('unwrap'), razvyuchit' ('unburden'), razgruzit' ('unload'). These verbs belong to the rather large class of verbs denoting liquidation of the result of an action. The aim of the paper is to find out whether the verbs under consideration are the prototypical members of the class. The author analyses both the semantics of these verbs as presented in the academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, using Russian National Corpus as a source of contexts, and their semantic features, describing a set of valency slots of each verb and the ways these slots can be filled. In order to catch the specific features of the verbs the author compares them with their antonyms denoting achievement of the result of an action. The study showed that having similar semantics the verbs razbintovat', razvernut', razvyuchit', razgruzit' denote situations in which a person makes certain manipulations with one object in order to eliminate its contact with another object. Three of the above-mentioned verbs also have the same syntactic properties. Razbintovat', razvernut', razgruzit' have three semantic valencies, which can be expressed syntactically. These verbs have two diathesis: one of them expresses subject and the first object, the second one – subject and the other object. As opposed to them the verb razvyuchit' has only one diathesis and one of its valencies is inexpressible. Nevertheless, the verbs razbintovat', razvernut', razvyuchit', razgruzit' are the prototypical members of the class of verbs, which denote liquidation of the result of an action.


Author(s):  
Elena Koriakowcewa ◽  
Larisa Ratsiburskaya ◽  
Marina Sandakova

The article considers the categories of evaluation and intensity in cognitive and pragmatic aspects. The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media and fiction texts. As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized by the use of word-building, semantic and contextual methods. The article shows such kinds of intensifiers as affixes and affixoides in neoderivatives, neoderivatives created on the base of reduplication. The article shows the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, in connection with pragmatic conditions, context and semantics of productive base. The article describes such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as oxymoron quality and ambivalence of lexical intensifiers. The functions of the intensifiers (pragmatic and stylistic) are defined. The repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. The phenomena described in the article generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21 st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, lexical units.


Moreana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Number 211) (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120
Author(s):  
Concepción Cabrillana

This article addresses Thomas More's use of an especially complex Latin predicate, fio, as a means of examining the degree of classicism in this aspect of his writing. To this end, the main lexical-semantic and syntactic features of the verb in Classical Latin are presented, and a comparative review is made of More's use of the predicate—and also its use in texts contemporaneous to More, as well as in Late and Medieval Latin—in both prose and poetry. The analysis shows that he works within a general framework of classicism, although he introduces some of his own idiosyncrasies, these essentially relating to the meaning of the verb that he employs in a preferential way and to the variety of verbal forms that occur in his poetic text.


2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
T. N. Butseva ◽  
Yu. S. Ridetskaya

The article deals with the relationship between the terms «word of the year» and «neologism of the year», and the examples are the words, annually nominating as «word of the year», and neologisms of the last few years. The main research methods are statistical, comparative, and lexicographic description. Usually nomination «Word of the year» presents words, long-existing in the Russian language, borrowings, as well as author’s occasionalisms. The cultural and social aspects prevail in this campaign, while linguistic aspects are not involved. It seems that the verbal image of the year is a more complex and mosaic phenomenon. It can be reconstructed with the help of representative linguistic data scrupulously collected by lexicographers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Karpukhin

This article describes the connection between perfect verb forms and the typical lexical meanings of generating imperfectives using the example of a prefix model in the Russian language. The research is based on a fundamentally new approach, i.e. the means of “fixing” action in the objective time. The relevance of combining the action and the situational background to the lexical-semantic groups of verbs is established. In the course of the research, the materials of the Bolshoi Akademichescky Slovar (Big Academic Dictionary) were used.


2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-340
Author(s):  
Anu Koskela

This paper explores the lexicographic representation of a type of polysemy that arises when the meaning of one lexical item can either include or contrast with the meaning of another, as in the case of dog/bitch, shoe/boot, finger/thumb and animal/bird. A survey of how such pairs are represented in monolingual English dictionaries showed that dictionaries mostly represent as explicitly polysemous those lexical items whose broader and narrower readings are more distinctive and clearly separable in definitional terms. They commonly only represented the broader readings for terms that are in fact frequently used in the narrower reading, as shown by data from the British National Corpus.  


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-333
Author(s):  
Lydia Catedral

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between Russian language use and language planning in the context of newly independent, post-soviet Uzbekistan (1991–1992). It is guided by the question: In what ways does the use of Russian loanwords in Uzbek language newspapers accomplish language planning in newly independent Uzbekistan? The main finding from this analysis is that post-independence use of Russian loanwords from particular semantic classes in particular contexts reinforce overtly stated ideologies about Russian and construct difference between soviet Uzbekistan and independent Uzbekistan. These findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the role of Russian language in post-soviet contexts, and they contribute a unique approach to analyzing links between lexical items and ideology in language planning.


2013 ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Laura Cano Mora

This paper focuses on the relationship between neighbouring literal and figurative expressions, a much under-researched area in figurative language theories. Traditionally it has been assumed that language is used figuratively when a literal expression would be inadequate, thus supporting the view that figurative and literal language replace or substitute each other. In order to question this view and to explore this relationship, a group of hyperbolic adverbs extracted from the British National Corpus and used in naturally-occurring speech was examined. The results show that hyperbole and literal comments seem to extend and complement, rather than replace, each other. This complementation is often achieved through paraphrase or clarification of a preceding remark, whether literal or exaggerated. The analysis also seems to suggest that if speakers need to add some information the most common pattern is a hyperbole followed, rather than preceded, by a literal expression.El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de la relación entre expresiones literales y figuradas adyacentes, cuestión rara vez investigada en las teorías del lenguaje figurado. Tradicionalmente se ha creído que los hablantes utilizamos las figuras cuando el lenguaje literal resulta inadecuado, reafirmando así la idea de que el lenguaje literal y figurado se sustituyen el uno al otro. Con el fin de cuestionar esta visión y explorar dicha relación examinamos un grupo de adverbios hiperbólicos usados en conversaciones reales extraídas del British National Corpus. Los resultados indican que la hipérbole y el uso literal del lenguaje parecen complementarse en lugar de reemplazarse. Con frecuencia dicha complementariedad se consigue a través de la paráfrasis o clarificación de un comentario previo, ya sea literal o exagerado. El análisis a su vez parece sugerir que cuando el hablante siente la necesidad de añadir información el patrón más común es una hipérbole seguida, en lugar de precedida, de una expresión literal.


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