scholarly journals ADRENAL MEDULLA OF WHITE SVVISS NIICE (Mus Musculus) AND LAYING HENS (Gallus Domesticus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
F .J. Al Saffar
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Characteristic Features

Adult white swiss mice and- laying hens were used to study the adrenal medulla. Samples of adrenal glands were collected and fixed in formal ~ dichrornate solution and six micron thick sections were stained by Harris H & E. Light microscopic observations reveal that adrenal medulla of both White Swiss mice and laying hens were built up of two types of chromaffin cells, without any characteristic features of zonation. In laying hens : our data revealed that mednllary tissue was intermingled with the cortical one and the adrenaline cells were mainly distributed in the subcapsular region, While large central vein was seen in the medulla of white Swiss mice surrounded mainly by noradrenaline cell.

Effects of transplantation on mouse adrenal chromaffin cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jousselin-Hosaja
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Dense Cores ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The effects of long-term transplantation on the ultrastructure of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells from the adrenal medulla were determined using morphometric methods. Mouse adrenal medulla were freed from the adrenal cortex and grafted into the occipital cortex of the brain. Two types of chromaffin cells were identified by electron microscopy in grafts fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Noradrenaline-type cells were predominant and formed 70–80% of the surviving population of grafted chromaffin cells. A minority of the chromaffin cells contained medium-sized granules (140–210 nm in diameter) (medium granule cell; MGC) with finely granular moderately electron dense cores. Morphometric analysis of noradrenaline phenotype cells and MGC cells in transplants showed no significant differences compared with the noradrenaline-storing cells of normal adrenal glands. In contrast, noradrenaline-type cells and MGC cells in the grafts had areas of secretory vesicles which were significantly (P<0·01) larger and areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum which were significantly (P<0 ·01) smaller than those of the adrenaline-storing cells of normal adrenal glands. It was concluded that long-term transplantation caused no degenerative changes in the ultrastructure of mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 149–153

Development of chromaffin cells depends on MASH1 function

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (20) ◽  
pp. 4729-4738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Huber ◽  
Barbara Brühl ◽  
François Guillemot ◽  
Eric N. Olson ◽  
Uwe Ernsberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

The sympathoadrenal (SA) cell lineage is a derivative of the neural crest (NC), which gives rise to sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. Signals that are important for specification of these two types of cells are largely unknown. MASH1 plays an important role for neuronal as well as catecholaminergic differentiation. Mash1 knockout mice display severe deficits in sympathetic ganglia, yet their adrenal medulla has been reported to be largely normal suggesting that MASH1 is essential for neuronal but not for neuroendocrine differentiation. We show now that MASH1 function is necessary for the development of the vast majority of chromaffin cells. Most adrenal medullary cells in Mash1–/– mice identified by Phox2b immunoreactivity, lack the catecholaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase. Mash1 mutant and wild-type mice have almost identical numbers of Phox2b-positive cells in their adrenal glands at embryonic day (E) 13.5; however, only one-third of the Phox2b-positive adrenal cell population seen in Mash1+/+ mice is maintained in Mash1–/– mice at birth. Similar to Phox2b, cells expressing Phox2a and Hand2 (dHand) clearly outnumber TH-positive cells. Most cells in the adrenal medulla of Mash1–/– mice do not contain chromaffin granules, display a very immature, neuroblast-like phenotype, and, unlike wild-type adrenal chromaffin cells, show prolonged expression of neurofilament and Ret comparable with that observed in wild-type sympathetic ganglia. However, few chromaffin cells in Mash1–/– mice become PNMT positive and downregulate neurofilament and Ret expression. Together, these findings suggest that the development of chomaffin cells does depend on MASH1 function not only for catecholaminergic differentiation but also for general chromaffin cell differentiation.

scholarly journals HEPATOTOXIC IMPACT OF ERYTHROMYCIN SUCCINATE AFTER ORALLY REPEATED EXPOSURE IN MALE ALBINO SWISS MICE (Mus musculus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1675-1380
Author(s):  
Timimi & Taher
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Radial Arrangement

The present study was aimed to determine the effects of erythromycin on the liver of albino Swiss mice. The study sample included 12 male mice divided into 3 groups. Mice of groups 1 and 2 were orally administrated with a daily dose 50 and 100 mg/kg bw erythromycin, respectively, while group 3 served as control and administrated with 0.1 ml distilled water. The treatment continued for 14 days . The results indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in AST, ALT, and ALP activities of group treated with 100 mg/kg of erythromycin, compared with group treated with erythromycin 50 mg/kg . The study also showed several histological alterations in the liver tissues of animals treated with 50 mg/kg of the drug, including necrosis, hydropic degeneration, central vein congestion, and blood edema. Treatment with 100 mg/kg caused cell infiltration, cell vacuolation, as well as loss of radial arrangement of hepatocytes forming the liver tissue. It can be concluded that sub acute exposure to  erythromycin exerts damaging effects on liver cells of treated mice.         

Immunogold labeling of the calcium binding protein synexin in isolated adrenal chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 952-953
Author(s):  
Gemma A.J. Kuijpers ◽  
Harvey B. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chromaffin Granules ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

Exocytotic fusion of granules in the adrenal medulla chromaffin cell is triggered by a rise in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ upon cell activation. The protein synexin, annexin VII, was originally found in the adrenal medulla and has been shown to cause aggregation and to support fusion of chromaffin granules in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We have previously suggested that synexin may there fore play a role in the exocytotic fusion process. In order to obtain more structural information on synexin, we performed immuno-electron microscopy on frozen ultrathin sections of both isolated chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells.Chromaffin granules were isolated from bovine adrenal medulla, and synexin was isolated from bovine lung. Granules were incubated in the presence or absence of synexin (24 μg per mg granule protein) and Ca2+ (1 mM), which induces maximal granule aggregation, in 0.3M sucrose-40m MMES buffer(pH 6.0). Granules were pelleted, washed twice in buffer without synexin and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde- 2% para formaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (GA/PFA) for 30 min. Chromaffin cells were isolated and cultured for 3-5 days, and washed and incubated in Krebs solution with or without 20 uM nicotine. Cells were fixed 90 sec after on set of stimulation with GA/PFA for 30 min. Fixed granule or cell pellets were washed, infiltrated with 2.3 M sucrose in PBS, mounted and frozen in liquid N2.

Fusion and Fission Processes in Exocytosis: Possible Roles for Synexin and Osmotic Lysis in the Two Events

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
H.B. Pollard ◽  
C.E. Creutz ◽  
C.J. Pazoles ◽  
J.H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Exocytosis is a general concept describing secretion of enzymes, hormones and transmitters that are otherwise sequestered in intracellular granules. Chemical evidence for this concept was first gathered from studies on chromaffin cells in perfused adrenal glands, in which it was found that granule contents, including both large protein and small molecules such as adrenaline and ATP, were released together while the granule membrane was retained in the cell. A number of exhaustive reviews of this early work have been published and are summarized in Reference 1. The critical experiments demonstrating the importance of extracellular calcium for exocytosis per se were also first performed in this system (2,3), further indicating the substantial service given by chromaffin cells to those interested in secretory phenomena over the years.

Subdominant hierarchical ovarian follicles are needed for steroidogenesis and ovulation in laying hens (Gallus domesticus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Rangel ◽  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
K. Gutiérrez ◽  
P.J. Sharp ◽  
C.G. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Laying Hens ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Gallus Domesticus

scholarly journals Investigation of the Morphology of Adrenal Glands in Hens Kept in Two Different Housing Systems—A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Franziska Keßler ◽  
Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter ◽  
Christian Looft ◽  
Stefanie Petow
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Interrenal Cells

It is difficult to objectively assess the chronic effects of housing systems on livestock and particularly on laying hens. However, this seems to be important in the context of animal welfare. Therefore, we conducted the present study in order to compare the effect of two different housing conditions, single cage (SC) and floor pen (FP), on the morphology of the adrenal gland. A higher amount of interrenal cells, which secrete stress hormones, can lead to a difference in the relation of adrenal and interrenal cells, which could be interpreted as an indication of chronic stress. For this purpose, adrenal glands were extracted, prepared, stained and examined by microscopy, and total area of the cut, total area of interrenal cells and total area of adrenal cells were measured. As a result, all laying hens had a higher percentage of interrenal cells than adrenal cells (FP: interrenal cells/adrenal cells = 78.37%/21.63%; SC: 80.00%/20.00%). The median of adrenal–interrenal ratio did not differ significantly (FP = 0.2503, SC = 0.2499), while the variation of the ratio between laying hens in FP and SC showed a slight tendency of a higher ratio in adrenal glands of FP (p < 0.0870). Body weight and adrenal–interrenal ratio were significantly negatively correlated in laying hens in FP (rS = −0.943, p < 0.0048) but not in SC (rS = −0.162, p = 0.7283). There was no significant correlation between body weight and total cell area for interrenal cells or adrenal cells. Body weight was significantly lower for laying hens kept in SC than for laying hens kept in FP (p < 0.0001). Due to the present results, it can be concluded that keeping laying hens in single cages can have a negative effect on body weight.

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