A Measure of Economic Growth in East and in West Pakistan

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
S. U. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
National Income ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Correct Evaluation ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The Difference

It is sometimes said that "national planning will simply have no meaning if it completely ignores the economic disparities between the two wings and fails to evolve a sensible pattern of regional planning"2. The lack of much essential data on a regional basis, however, renders any precise estimate of the relative growth rates almost impossible. Data either are not available or are inadequate on such important variables as production, income, consumption and trade, so that even a correct evaluation of past development efforts is not possible. The implications of such a situation for future planning are not difficult to understand. In this article an attempt is made to estimate the absorption of specified commodities in East and West Pakistan separately3. This will indicate the pattern of consumption and also give a rough idea about the growth rate of the two wings. With this purpose in view, quantity indices of absorption are prepared for each wing separately, taking data on availability of goods and prices from the Institute's monograph on Inflation. The quantity indi¬ces, however, are not of course strictly comparable with national income estimates because of the difference in coverage of the two series. National income data include government, services, trade, etc., while the quantity indices cover only specified goods available for each region.

The Relative Growth of Parts in Palaemon Carcinus

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
M. A. TAZELAAR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Linear measurements of certain appendages and the carapace of P. carcinus were made and plotted in various ways. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The cheliped shows heterogonic growth in both male and female, but more markedly in the male, the values of k being: male 1.8 and female 1.48 2. The pereiopods in both male and female are slightly heterogonic. The relative growth rates are graded from p3 to p5, that of p3 being slightly greater than that of p5 3. Of the ordinary pereiopods the rate of growth of p1 is the smallest in the male, but the largest in the female. 4. The difference between the rates of growth of p1 and p3 in male and female is greatest where the rate of growth in the heterogonic organ, the cheliped, is most excessive in the male. 5. The growth of the 3rd maxilliped is slightly negatively heterogonic, the value of k in the male being 0.93 and in the female 0.95. Hence there seems to be a correlation between the marked heterogony in the cheliped on the growth rate of neighbouring appendages. In those immediately posterior to the cheliped the growth rate is increased and in those anterior decreased.

The effect of plane of nutrition during rearing on growth, production, reproduction and health of dairy cattle. II. Growth to maturity

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Crichton ◽  
J. N. Aitken ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mature Size

1. The four systems of rearing dairy heifer calves, described in Part 1 of this series are now studied for their effect on absolute and relative growth rates to maturity.2. Data on live-weights and measurements and the percentages of mature size attained by these at 44, 80, 104, 132, 182, 260 and 312 weeks of age are tabulated.3. In all groups the measurement to reach maturity earliest was circumference of metacarpus followed in order by length of back, height at withers and width of hooks.4. By 6 years of age all groups had attained approximately the same body size. Maturity in the LL group in terms of four skeletal measurements was delayed by only 9 months, and in the case of HL and LH animals by 5 and 4 months respectively.5. All groups showed the same general pattern of relative growth but the effect of restricted feeding was to increase at the younger ages the difference i n percentage of mature size between early and late maturing measurements. After 44 weeks of age the rate of growth was most rapid in those measurements which were furthest from maturity then.6. The rate of tissue deposition was markedly increased in high plane animals during early pregnancy compared with low plane. Evidence is presented to show that much of this was lost during lactation.7. At first oestrus, animals in all four treatment groups had reached the same percentage of mature size for each body dimension (except for length of back in the LL group).8. From data on 5 animals it is shown that although growth in height at withers and length of back ceased by 6 years of age there was slow but continuous growth in live-weight, middle and heart girths and width of hooks to 9 years of age.

Comparing natural and planted black spruce seedlings. I. Water relations and growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2427-2434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Y. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference

Container-grown black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings were planted during 2 consecutive years alongside natural black spruce seedlings of similar initial height on an upland boreal forest clearcut. Acclimation of the planted seedlings to site conditions was followed by comparing needle conductance, shoot water potential, and growth of the planted seedlings to values obtained on the natural seedlings. Relative growth rates of the newly planted seedlings were significantly lower than those of the natural seedlings, but the difference was smaller during their second season in the field. Predawn and midday shoot water potential as well as midday needle conductance showed significant but relatively small differences between planted and natural seedlings during both years. On any given date of measurement, no clear relation could be found between water status and growth in planted seedlings. Seasonal midday averages of shoot water potential, needle conductance, and soil–plant resistance to water movement were related to the relative growth rates of all seedling types over the course of the two growing seasons. Seasonal averages of midday shoot water potential appeared to best reflect the acclimation of the planted seedlings to site conditions.

Emergence, growth and dominance in drilled and square-planted barley crops

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
o Soeton ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Interplant Competition ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Density Treatment ◽  
Ear Number

A barley crop (cv. Clipper) was grown at three densities and in two plant arrangements, square-planted and drilled. Studies were made of the emergence and growth of individual plants within permanent quadrats. Later-emerging seedlings gave rise to smaller plants at stem elongation and at the early grain stage, and they produced fewer grains than plants which had emerged earlier. On drilled plots, at the normal commercial sowing rate (the medium density treatment), the regression of grain number per plant on day of emergence was - 14.4% of the mean number of grains per plant, so that a delay of 3 days in emergence caused a reduction of 43 % in the number of grains formed. The regression of grain number on day of emergence in the medium density square-planted plots was - 8.3 %. It is suggested that the difference in the regression coefficients within the drilled and square-planted plots respectively was due to the different incidence of intra-plant and interplant competition in the two situations. Plants were regrouped into decile groups at stem elongation (day 70). Thereafter, larger plants achieved not only greater absolute increases in weight, but also greater relative growth rates; the large plants thereby further increased their percentage contribution to the crop. For all plant sizes within both planting arrangements and within each of the three densities, the number of grains per plant was linear on the weight of the plants. The ear number per plant was the principal feature of difference between large and small plants, followed by spikelets per ear. The significance of these phenomena in plant breeding and agronomy is discussed. Appendix 1 reports two methods for the non-destructive estimation of the yield of individual plants in a cereal crop.

Estimation of National Income in Pakistan

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Central Statistical Office Goverment of Pakistan
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Income Data

The following note is a description of the method of estimating national income in Pakistan. Such description is not currently available in a general publication, and it is presented here for the benefit of research workers who make use of Pakistan national income data. It is emphasized that this note is a description only, and no attempt is made to analyze the data or to comment on the appropriateness of the methods or the implications of the method for the vahdity of the estimates. For aid in presentation a table of national income estimates is also included ( see page 88).

CHANGES IN ENZYMES AND PROTEINS IN SALT-SHOCKED VS. GRADIENT INCREASES IN NACL IN `POINSETT' CUCUMBER ROOTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091G-1091
Author(s):  
Anne K. Hurley ◽  
B. Greg Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Salt Shock ◽  
Gradient Solution ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Plastochron Index

Cucumis sativus, L., `Poinsett' seedlings were grown under artificial light in 40% modified Hoagland's solution until an average plant plastochron index of 4.73 was reached. Plants were then placed in solutions of (1) 0 mM NaCl, (2) 80 mM NaCl (salt-shock), or (3) placed in a dropwise gradient solution of NaCl and Hoagland's until the final concentration of 80 mM NaCl was reached at 41 hours. Leaves of the 80 mM shock treatment wilted immediately, but recovered turgor within 6 hours. Leaves of 80 mM gradient did not wilt at anytime. The control and gradient treatments had relative growth rates which were similar to each other, but RGR decreased in the shock treatment. Invertase activity was measured in the roots at 24, 41, and 48 hours after initial treatment. Invertase activity of shock treatment increased significantly over the controls at 24 hours. The 80mM gradient was not significantly different than either treatment. Four isozymes of α– galactosidase were detected. The relative intensities of the bands varied with time and treatment. One invertase band was resolved in roots on 8% native acrylamide gels. SDS gels indicated increases in proteins in the gradient treatment compared to the control and the 80 mM shock treatment.

Diallel Analysis of Relative Growth Rates in Maize Synthetics

Crop Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Nevado ◽  
H. Z. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Rates of growth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on different substrates gathered by the ants

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mudd ◽  
G. L. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Rates Of Growth

AbstractGrowth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes (L.) on extracts of plants selected by the ants was shown to be affected by the plant species, the pH of the extract, the concentration of the sap or plant extract and pretreatment of the substrate by the ants. It was not possible to establish an unambiguous relationship between the rate of growth of the fungus on leaf extracts and the foraging preferences of the ants for the leaves. There were indications, however, that the fungus grows most rapidly on extracts of plant material preferred by A. cephalotes. Relative growth rates of the fungus on different substrates may be related to the presence of growth inhibitors rather than to nutrient availability.

Selection for biomass production based on respiration parameters in eucalypts: effects of origin and growth climates on growth rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1556-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thimmappa S. Anekonda ◽  
Richard S. Criddle ◽  
Lee D. Hansen ◽  
Mike Bacca
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Metabolic Heat Rate ◽  
Different Climates

Seventeen Eucalyptus species and 30 rapid-growing Eucalyptuscamaldulensis trees (referred to as plus trees), growing in a plantation were studied to examine relationships among measured plant growth and respiratory parameters, geographical origins, and growth climate. The respiratory parameters measured at two different temperatures by isothermal calorimetry were metabolic heat rate, rate of CO2 production, and the ratio of heat rate to CO2 rate. Metabolic heat rate was also measured as a continuous function of temperature by differential scanning calorimetry in the range of 10 to 40 °C. Tree growth was measured as rates of height and stem volume growth. The values of respiratory and growth variables of Eucalyptus species are significantly correlated with latitude and altitude of origin of their seed sources. The maximum metabolic heat rate, the temperature of the maximum heat rate, the temperature coefficients of metabolic rate, and the temperatures at which the slopes of Arrhenius plots change are all genetically determined parameters that vary both within and among species. Measurement of growth rate–respiration rate–temperature relationships guide understanding of why relative growth rates of Eucalyptus species and individual genotypes differ with climate, making it possible to identify genotypes best suited for rapid growth in different climates. The temperature dependence of respiration rates is an important factor determining relative growth rates of eucalypts in different climates. To achieve optimum biomass production the temperature dependence of individual plants must be matched to growth climate.

Studies on the sowing dates of cotton in the Sudan Gezira: I. The influence of date of sowing on plant growth and development

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Sudan Gezira

Growth analysis of cotton crops sown in the Sudan Gezira at monthly intervals between August and May revealed a marked seasonal pattern of growth. Irrespective of plant age and fruiting state growth of non-senescent plants was slowest during the cool winter months. Relative growth rates of young plants were highest in August, September and early October due to the high specific leaf areas and fairly high net assimilation rates found then. They were lowest when minimum temperatures were lowest. Net assimilation rates were also lowest in the coolest months, probably as a result of restricted growth. High temperatures in the spring reduced fruiting. It is concluded that low minimum temperatures and high evaporation rates are both associated with slow growth, and play a large part in determining the characteristic decline of growth rates of cotton sown at the usual date in August.I wish to thank the Chief of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Sudan, for permission to publish this paper and to record my gratitude to the team of field and laboratory assistants, especially Salih Saad and Hassan Osman, who helped in the work.

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