scholarly journals Addiction withdrawal syndrome: Needs medications, education, counselling & support

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Tapan Kumar Mahato ◽  
Sunil Kumar Ojha ◽  
Vishwakarma Singh ◽  
Surendra Pratap Singh Parihar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Over Time

Addiction is a feel good or euphoria like condition which is commonly associated with drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine intake. There are many reasons behind a man gets addicted to these substances such as recreation purpose, drugs used for long time for treatment of any disorder and gets addicted, unemployment, stress, emotions, professional pressure and social status. It provides enjoyable feelings which results in creating a strong urge to use the substances again and again. These drugs can cause physical dependence or psychological dependence or both. Over time, drug tolerance is produced which means to get the same effect more quantity of the drug is needed. These substances are very harmful physically, mentally, financially and socially too. If someone suddenly terminates using these substances after heavy or long term use, the body needs time to recover and number of withdrawal symptoms arises. These withdrawal symptoms can’t be treated by medications only but it needs counselling and support as well. This article reviews i. the drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine addictions with their withdrawal symptoms and medications used to treat these symptoms ii. Rehabilitation centers running and other steps taken by Government of India to aware people especially the youths of the country about the harmful effects of these substances.

Immune parameters and level of cortisol in patients with opiate addiction during withdrawal syndrome

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Т.П. Ветлугина ◽  
Е.В. Матафонова ◽  
Н.А. Бохан ◽  
В.Б. Никитина ◽  
А.И. Мандель ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Opiate Withdrawal ◽  
Opiate Addiction ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome

Цель исследования: изучение динамики показателей иммунитета и уровня кортизола у больных опийной наркоманией в процессе терапии синдрома отмены. Методика. В исследование включено 136 больных опийной наркоманией (инъекции экстракта опия) с сформировавшейся физической зависимостью. Пациенты получали в стационаре стандартную терапию с полной отменой наркотика. Исследование проводилось на следующих этапах: при поступлении в стационар (опийный абстинентный синдром - ОАС); на 5-7-е сут. терапии (переход в постабстинентное состояние - ПАС); на 25-28-е сут. лечения (становление терапевтической ремиссии - СТР). Лабораторные методы включали определение количества лимфоцитов с рецепторами CD3, CD4, CD8, СD16, с рецепторами к дофамину (D-RFC); содержание иммуноглобулинов М, G, А, уровня кортизола и циркулирующих иммунных комплексов (ЦИК) в сыворотке крови. Результаты. Основной иммуноэндокринный паттерн на всех этапах терапии синдрома отмены характеризуется дефицитом субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов CD3, CD4, СD8; увеличением числа лимфоцитов с рецепторами к дофамину (D-RFC); активацией гуморальных факторов иммунитета (IgM, IgG, ЦИК); высокой концентрацией кортизола. На этапе ОАС и ПАС эти изменения были наиболее выражены; на 25-28-е сут. лечения отмечена позитивная динамика Т-лимфоцитов СD3 и цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов (СD8); хелперы/индукторы CD4 оставались устойчиво сниженными; D-RFC лимфоциты, параметры гуморального иммунитета и концентрация кортизола - повышенными. Длительный срок наркотизации при употреблении высоких доз наркотика связан с большей выраженностью нарушений. Заключение. Установленная дизрегуляция параметров иммуноэндокринной системы у больных опийной наркоманией на всех этапах терапии синдрома отмены в наблюдаемые сроки (25-28 сут.) свидетельствует о неустойчивости достигнутой терапевтической ремиссии и необходимости проведения дальнейших реабилитационных мероприятий. The purpose: investigate changes in immunity parameters and cortisol level in subjects with opiate addiction during the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. Methods. The study enrolled 136 subjects with opiate addiction with physical dependence receiving injections of opium extract. Patients received conventional therapy with complete opiate withdrawal. The study was performed at the following stages: at admission to the hospital (acute withdrawal syndrome (AWS); on days 5-7 of therapy (transition into post-withdrawal state - PWS); on days 25-28 of therapy (formation of therapeutic remission - FTR). Laboratory methods included determination count of lymphocytes with receptors CD3, CD4, CD8, СD16, with receptors to dopamine (D-RFC); the serum levels of IgМ, IgG, IgА, cortisol, circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results. The principal immunoendocrine pattern for all stages of withdrawal syndrome therapy is characterized in comparison to the reference normal values quantitative deficit of CD3, CD4, СD8 Т-lymphocyte subpopulations, increased count of lymphocytes with receptors to dopamine, activation of humoral immunity factors (IgM, IgG, CIC), high cortisol level. At AWS and PAS stages such changes are most pronounced; on days 25-28 of therapy positive changes in cytotoxic Т-lymphocytes (СD8) and Т-lymphocytes СD3 was revealed. CD4 count remained steadily reduced, count of lymphocytes with receptors to dopamine and cortisol level were elevated. Clinical and immunological analysis demonstrated that consumption of high opiate doses, long-term narcotization are associated with higher intensity of disorders detected. Conclusion. Dysregulation of immunoendocrine parameters was revealed in subjects with opiate addiction at all stages of withdrawal syndrome therapy within the term observed evidencing instability of therapeutic remission achieved and necessity in further rehabilitation events.

Nurse, 30 years’ experience, Norway

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Markus Reuber ◽  
Gregg H. Rawlings ◽  
Steven C. Schachter
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mind ◽  
People Today

This chapter focuses on the experience of a nurse when working with children and adolescents with Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES). Young people today have challenges on many levels, and for some, the total load becomes so great that they develop “seizures” for which a biological cause cannot be identified. Young people who develop NES have often been overloaded for a long time, many describing family problems, long-term bullying problems, exclusion or problems at school. The nurse is also increasingly meeting young people who struggle to adapt to youth culture. They are exhausted from trying to find a balance in their lives—a balance between achievement and rest, between their own needs and society’s demands, between “what the mind wants” and “what the body can tolerate.” Some come from families who have strong ideals that are not compatible with youth culture. This can result in a loyalty conflict that seems impossible to solve.

Change in residual limb size over time in the NU-FlexSIV socket: A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-625
Author(s):  
Stefania Fatone ◽  
Jessica Yohay ◽  
Ryan Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Background: This case study represented a unique opportunity wherein a long-time user of sub-ischial sockets had kept nearly every socket he wore for a decade. This individual let us borrow these sockets so we could digitize them and indirectly assess change in residual limb size over time by calculating changes in socket volume and circumferences over time. Case Description and Methods: Over a decade, the subject maintained a relatively stable body weight of 84–88 kg and received nine sub-ischial sockets. The internal surface of each socket was scanned using a mechanical digitizer and volume and circumferences calculated. Findings and Outcomes: Socket volume increased 31.3%, from a low of 2659.2 cm3 for the oldest socket to a high of 3490.6 cm3 for the most recent socket. Proximal circumferences increased more than distal circumferences with a 15.9% total increase proximally versus 8.9% total increase distally. Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggest that this individual’s residual limb increased in size over time despite the compressive effect of the socket and liner. In addition, the increase in circumference was greater proximally than distally, which is where the remaining muscle bellies are located. Clinical relevance This case study provides insight into the long-term effect of the sub-ischial socket on residual limb volume given compression of the soft tissues by the socket system.

scholarly journals Characterization of the GHB Withdrawal Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Casper J. H. Wolf ◽  
Harmen Beurmanjer ◽  
Boukje A. G. Dijkstra ◽  
Alexander C. Geerlings ◽  
Marcia Spoelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes ◽  
Sedative Drugs ◽  
Over Time

The gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) withdrawal syndrome can have a fulminant course, complicated by severe complications such as delirium or seizures. Detoxification by tapering with pharmaceutical GHB is a safe way to manage GHB withdrawal. However, a detailed description of the course of the GHB withdrawal syndrome is currently lacking. This study aimed to (1) describe the course of GHB withdrawal symptoms over time, (2) assess the association between vital signs and withdrawal symptoms, and (3) explore sex differences in GHB withdrawal. In this observational multicenter study, patients with GHB use disorder (n = 285) were tapered off with pharmaceutical GHB. The most reported subjective withdrawal symptoms (SWS) were related to cravings, fatigue, insomnia, sweating and feeling gloomy. The most prevalent objective withdrawal symptoms (OWS) were related to cravings, fatigue, tremors, sweating, and sudden cold/warm feelings. No association between vital signs and SWS/OWS was found. Sex differences were observed in the severity and prevalence of specific withdrawal symptoms. Our results suggest that the GHB withdrawal syndrome under pharmaceutical GHB tapering does not strongly differ from withdrawal syndromes of other sedative drugs. The lack of association between vital signs and other withdrawal symptoms, and the relative stability of vitals over time suggest that vitals are not suitable for withdrawal monitoring. The reported sex differences highlight the importance of a personalized approach in GHB detoxification.

Reliability of cochlear implants

2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Maurer ◽  
Nicolaos Marangos ◽  
E. Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Implant Survival ◽  
Cumulative Survival ◽  
Indirect Trauma ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND: The long-term reliability of cochlear implants over time is an important issue for patients and cochlear implant teams. The calculation of cumulative survival rates including all hard failures of cochlear implants is suitable to report objectively about cochlear implant reliability. METHODS: This is a report of 192 cochlear implants from different manufacturers in adults (n = 58) and children (n = 134). RESULTS: The overall cumulative implant survival rate was 91.7% for a period of 11 years. The main reasons for hard failures were design errors of the products and direct or indirect trauma to the cochlea implant site (especially in children) with consecutive breaks of the implant body or electrodes. CONCLUSIONS: To improve our knowledge about reliability of cochlear implants more studies on cumulative long time survival of cochlear implants are needed, where functional failures and complications for whatever reason (design, mechanical, electronic, medical) are included. Cochlear implant reliability data should be considered during the choice of an implant for each individual patient. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:746-50.)

scholarly journals The effect of Substance P/Heparin conjugated PLCL polymer coating of bioinert ePTFE vascular grafts on the recruitment of both ECs and SMCs for accelerated regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghak Kim ◽  
Justin J. Chung ◽  
Youngmee Jung ◽  
Soo Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Vascular Grafts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Artificial Grafts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Double Coating

AbstractArtificial vascular grafts consisting of ePTFE have been mainly used in clinics for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, artificial grafts can become clogged after a long time due to thrombosis, as graft maturation by endothelialization is limited. The strategy introduced in this study is to induce graft remodeling through interaction between the bioinert graft and the body. The Substance P (SP) and heparin were covalently conjugated with PLCL, an elastic biocompatible copolymer and the Substance P-conjugated PLCL (SP-PLCL) and/or heparin-conjugated PLCL (Hep-PLCL) were vacuum-coated onto ePTFE vascular grafts. To assess the effectiveness of the coating, coated samples were evaluated by implanting them subcutaneously into SD-Rats. Coatings allow grafts to be remodeled by creating a microenvironment where cells can grow by infiltrating into the grafts while also greatly enhancing angiogenesis. In particular, a double coating of Hep-PLCL and SP-PLCL (Hep/SP-PLCL) at four weeks showed markedly improved vascular remodeling through the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), vascular cells (ECs, SMCs) and M2 macrophages. Based on these results, it is expected that when the Hep/SP-PLCL-coated ePTFE vascular grafts are implanted in situ, long-term patency will be assured due to the appropriate formation of an endothelial layer and smooth muscle cells in the grafts like native vessels.

scholarly journals Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Torres-Arce ◽  
Barbara Vizmanos ◽  
Nancy Babio ◽  
Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval ◽  
Albert Salas-Huetos
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Techniques ◽  
Reproductive Consequences ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Male Factors

Infertility affects about 15% of the population and male factors only are responsible for ~25–30% of cases of infertility. Currently, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood, and many environmental and genetic factors, including oxidative stress, have been implicated. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the capacity of the body to counteract their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The purpose of this review, by employing the joint expertise of international researchers specialized in nutrition and male fertility areas, is to update the knowledge about the reproductive consequences of excessive ROS concentrations and oxidative stress on the semen quality and Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) clinical outcomes, to discuss the role of antioxidants in fertility outcomes, and finally to discuss why foods and dietary patterns are more innocuous long term solution for ameliorating oxidative stress and therefore semen quality results and ART fertility outcomes. Since this is a narrative review and not a systematic/meta-analysis, the summarized information in the present study should be considered cautiously.

The worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture

2007 ◽  
Vol 89 (867) ◽  
pp. 591-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernán Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Psychological Pain ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Degrading Treatment ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Over Time

AbstractTorture during interrogation often includes methods that do not physically assault the body or cause actual physical pain and yet entail severe psychological pain and suffering and profoundly disrupt the senses and personality. Solitary confinement and prolonged sleep deprivation are just two examples of these psychological torture methods. Even psychological methods which do not amount to ill-treatment when considered in isolation, amount to inhuman or degrading treatment or torture, when applied in conjunction with other techniques, cumulatively and/or over a long time. Often they are part and parcel of the whole torture process and constitute a “background environment” of harassment and duress. The “cumulation over time” factor must thus be considered as part of a system of psychological torture.

scholarly journals BREAKS AND LONG TERM TRENDS OF TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SOUTHERN GERMAN BIGHT

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Sabine Jenning ◽  
Hartmut Hein ◽  
Stephan Mai ◽  
Holger Schüttrumpf
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
German Bight ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Tidal Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

The recent influence of climate change and land subsidence on the water levels and tidal characteristics in the German Bight is documented by regional tide gauge observations. However, in any long time series the chance arises that measurement conditions may change over time. Some of these changes occur instantaneously like the change of the sensor or corrections of the zero-point of the gauge. Other changes occur subtly, such as alterations of the regional morphology and therefore the mode of behavior at the measurement site. We present long-term changes of tidal characteristics in the waterways of the southern German Bight, by detecting abrupt breakpoints and resulting homogenized trends. In order to understand processes of the changes of the tidal characteristics significant trends in the time series for measured and calculated tidal parameters are analyzed.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DICLOFENAС SODIUM ON MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW CELLS AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Yu. Bahmut ◽  
O. S. Ivanov ◽  
G. V. Tsapko
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Marrow Cells

The hematopoietic system is a population of many cells that perform certain functions in the body. The pharmaceutical industry creates new drugs from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but the “gold” standard remains the drug Diclofenac Sodium. In some conditions, a person is forced to take the drug for a long time, and sometimes all life. The mechanism of the drug effect on the bone marrow cells under the condition of long-term administration remains unclear. In the process of analyzing the literature, it has been established that the use of the drug has a toxic effect on the blood cells and blood-forming organs. Gradually, the toxic effect is reduced, but the long-term effect of the drug on the rat organism contributes to the inhibition of the development of erythrocyte and myelocytic sprouts of the bone marrow. A period of up to 10 days is optimal for use, and then it is worthwhile to look for a drug that is safer for the body.

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