scholarly journals Penentuan Musim Tanam Berdasarkan Perhitungan Neraca Air Lahan di Daerah Saumlaki, Pulau Yamdena

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Jenly F Uspessy ◽  
Samuel Laimeheriwa ◽  
Jacob R Patty
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Climate Forecasts ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Land Water

Climate information/data of a region plays an important role in agricultural development in the region, because by utilizing the knowledge of the relationship between crops and climate, forecasts can be made of planting time, harvest time, drought (water deficit), flood (water surplus), pest attack and disease, determining the appropriate type of crop, and so on. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of soil water and to determine the growing season in the Saumlaki area based on two rainfall conditions. This study used monthly rainfall data for 30 years (1990-2019) as well as other climatic data, such as air temperature, air humidity, sunshine duration and wind speed for 15 years (2005-2019). Computing of the water balance was carried out using Thornthwaite-Mather Method, and determination of growing season using soil water in optimum condition. Based on the calculation of the land water balance in the rainfall conditions there was a 75% chance of being surpassed by the groundwater deficit in the Saumlaki area which lasted for 6 months (June- November), whereas the value increases by 183 mm or 45.52% compared to normal conditions, that was from 402 mm to 585 mm. On the other hand, the groundwater surplus lasted only a month (May) and tended to decrease by 686 mm or 97.03% compared to normal conditions, from 707 mm to 21 mm. The optimum soil water content for plants in rainfall conditions was 75% chance of lasting for 6 months (January-June); 2 months shorter than the normal 8 months (December-July). In conditions of 75% chance of rainfall, the growing season in the Saumlaki area lasted for 7 months (December-June); a month shorter than the growing season in normal rainfall conditions of 8 months (December-July). Keywords: growing season, land water balance, rainfall, Saumlaki area   ABSTRAK Informasi/data iklim suatu tempat berperan penting dalam pengembangan pertanian di wilayah tersebut, karena dengan memanfaatkan pengetahuan tentang hubungan antara tanaman dan iklim dapatlah dibuat prakiraan waktu tanam, waktu panen, kejadian kekeringan (defisit air), banjir (surplus air), serangan hama dan penyakit, penentuan jenis tanaman yang sesuai, dan sebagainya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menilai keberadaan air tanah dan menentukan musim tanam di Daerah Saumlaki pada dua kondisi curah hujan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data curah hujan bulanan selama 30 tahun (1990–2019) dan data iklim lainnya (suhu udara, kelembaban udara, lama penyinaran matahari kecepatan angin) selama 15 tahun (2005-2019). Perhitungan neraca air lahan menggunakan metode Thornthwaite-Mather, dan musim tanam ditentukan berdasarkan kondisi air tanah optimum. Berdasarkan perhitungan neraca air lahan pada kondisi curah hujan berpeluang 75% untuk dilampaui, defisit air tanah di daerah Saumlaki berlangsung selama selama 6 bulan (Juni-November) yaitu nilainya bertambah sebesar 183 mm (45,52%) dibandingkan kondisi normalnya, yaitu dari 402 mm menjadi 585 mm. Sebaliknya surplus air tanah berlangsung hanya sebulan (Mei) dan cenderung berkurang sebesar 686 mm (97,03%) dibandingkan kondisi normalnya, yaitu dari 707 mm menjadi 21 mm. Kadar air tanah yang optimum bagi tanaman pada kondisi curah hujan peluang 75% berlangsung selama 6 bulan (Januari-Juni); lebih pendek 2 bulan dibandingkan kondisi normalnya 8 bulan (Desember-Juli). Pada kondisi curah hujan peluang 75%, musim tanam di daerah Saumlaki berlangsung selama 7 bulan (Desember-Juni); sebulan lebih pendek dibandingkan musim tanam pada kondisi curah hujan normalnya 8 bulan (Desember-Juli). Kata kunci : curah hujan, daerah Saumlaki, musim tanam, neraca air lahan

scholarly journals Extreme Hydrologic Events in North Area of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Daniel Capriolo ◽  
Olga Eugenia Scarpati
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Wilting Point

This paper presents the soil water deficit and soil water surplus obtained from soil water balance in three drainage areas of Buenos Aires province for the period from 1971 to 2010. The soil water balance had been performed using the evapotranspiration formula of Penman-Monteith and considering the soil water constants: field capacity, soil water moisture, and soil wilting point for all the different types of soils of the region. The obtained soil water deficit and surplus are considered as triggers of extreme hydrologic events. Annual threshold values of 200 mm of soil water deficit and 300 mm of soil water surplus were considered for drought and flood, respectively. It was found that almost the 25% of the floods are severe and extreme while the 50% of droughts were of these intensities. Mann-Kendall statistical test was performed, and significance trends at level 0.1 were found for drought and for two periods, one of twenty years (1991–2010) and the other of ten years (2001–2010). As a sample of the temporal evolution of both events and their trends, the results of one locality (Junin) were deeply analyzed.

Determination of growing season soil water deficits on a forested slope using water balance analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Giles ◽  
T. A. Black ◽  
D. L. Spittlehouse
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Zone Depth

Coefficients for the calculation of soil water balance components at seven sites on a forested slope were determined using only measurements of daily solar irradiance, maximum and minimum air temperature and rainfall, and weekly root zone soil water content during a 2-year period. Site parameters required were root zone depth, soil water retention characteristics, and rainfall interception coefficients. Based on daytime net radiation, the Priestley–Taylor evapotranspiration coefficient (α) was found to be 0.73 ± 0.07, which is similar to values reported in other conifer forest studies. Growing season water deficit increased with decreasing root zone water storage capacity, which was mainly a function of root zone depth. A comparison between high and low elevations on the slope showed 100-year site indices ranging from 17 to 53 m corresponding to growing season soil water deficits during the driest year of the study, ranging from 79 to 4 mm. Basal area annual increments were found to be correlated with soil water deficits and growing season transpiration, both for the study period and when both variables were averaged over the last 18 years.

scholarly journals NERACA AIR LAHAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guinensis Jacq), DI KECAMATAN SANGKUB, KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3A) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Silvana E. Kaeng ◽  
Johannes E.X. Rogi ◽  
Jantje ., Pongoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Model Method ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Land Water

This study aims to find out the water balance in Sangkub Sub-district, North Bolaang Mongondow Regency for oil palm cultivation with water balance simulation model developed by Handoko (1994) and Rogi (2002). The study was conducted from May - December 2016. This research uses simulation model method; the data used in this research is secondary data. The data analysis used run model of water balance of land and formula calculation of land water balance. The study found that the amount of water surplus from the run of the water balance model and calculations based on the formula in one year cannot meet the water requirements of oil palm crops, so that oil palm plantations cannot be cultivated in Sangkub Sub-district. This is due to the existence of rice cultivated crops prior to oil palm cultivation, where both plants require relatively large amount of water.

scholarly journals New Approach to Improve the Soil Water Balance Method for Evapotranspiration Estimation

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Rashid Niaghi ◽  
Xinhua Jia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Residual Method

As an important component of the water budget, quantifying actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) will enable better planning, management, and allocation of the water resources. However, accurate ET measurement has always been a challenging task in agricultural water management. In the upper Midwest, where subsurface drainage is a common practice due to the shallow ground water depth and heavy clayey soil, ET measurement using traditional ground-based methods is more difficult. In this study, ET was measured using the eddy covariance (EC), Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB), and soil water balance (SWB) methods during the 2018 corn growing season, and the results of the three methods were compared. To close the energy balance for the EC system, the residual method was used. For the SWB method, capillary rise was included in the ET estimation and was calculated using the measured soil water potential. The change of soil water content for ET estimation using the SWB method was calculated in four different ways, including daily average, 24:00–2:00 average, 24:00–4:00 average, and 4:00 measurement. Through the growing season, six observation periods (OPs) with no rainfall or minimal rainfall events were selected for comparisons among the three methods. The estimated latent heat flux (LE) by the EC system using the residual method showed a 29% overestimation compared to LE determined by the BREB system for the entire growing season. After excluding data taken in May and October, LE determined by the EC system was only 10% higher, indicating that the main difference between the two systems occurred during the early and late of the growing season. By considering all six OPs, a 6%–22% LE difference between the EC and the BREB systems was observed. Except during the early growing and late harvest seasons, both systems agreed well in LE estimation. The SWB method using the average soil water contents between 24:00 and 2:00 time period to calculate the daily capillary rise produced the best statistical fit when compared to the ET estimated by the BREB, with a root-mean-square error of 1.15. Therefore, measuring ET using the capillary rise from a shallow water table between 24:00 and 2:00 could improve the performance of the SWB methodology for ET measurement.

ESTIMATING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM IRRIGATED CROPS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. TAN ◽  
J. M. FULTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wide Range

Several years of daily evapotranspiration (ET) data for irrigated early potatoes, corn and processing tomatoes, grown on Fox sandy loam measured by floating lysimeters and estimated by meteorological data were used to evaluate an equilibrium evapotranspiration (ETeq) model. A reasonable relationship was obtained between values estimated by the model and those measured by floating lysimeters. The ETeq model can be used to estimate daily ET over a wide range of soil moisture and foliage cover conditions. ETeq can be estimated from readily available climatic data in the form: ETeq = (0.48 + 0.01 Ta) [(0.114 + 0.365n/N) K↓a − 0.039]; where Ta is the mean daily air temperature (°C); n is sunshine duration (h); N is maximum hours of bright sunshine (h); K↓a is solar energy received at the top of the atmosphere (mm/day). At high soil water storage in the root zone, the ET/ETeq remained constant, whereas, at low soil water storage, the ET/ETeq decreased linearly with decreasing soil water storage. The total crop yields were directly related to growing season accumulated ET.

Estimation of Soil Water Balance Components Based on Continuous Soil Moisture Measurement and Inversed Richards Method in an Irrigated Agricultural Field of a Desert Oasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Liu ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Zhongkai Li ◽  
Wenzhi Zhao ◽  
Qiyue Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Irrigation Drainage

<p>An accurate assessment of soil water balance components (<em>SWBCs</em>) is necessary for improving irrigation strategies in any water-limited environment. However, quantitative information of <em>SWBCs</em> is usually challenging to obtain, because none of the components (i.e., irrigation, drainage, and evapotranspiration) can be easily measured under actual conditions. Soil moisture is a variable that integrates the water balance components of land surface hydrology, and the evolution of soil moisture is assumed to contain the memory of antecedent hydrologic fluxes, and thus can be used to determine <em>SWBCs</em> from a hydrologic balance. A database of soil moisture measurements from six experimental plots with different treatments in the middle Heihe River Basin of China was used to test the potential of a soil moisture database in estimating the <em>SWBCs</em>. We first compared the hydrophysical properties of the soils in these plots, such as vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity (<em>K</em><sub>s</sub>) and soil water retention features, for supporting the <em>SWBC</em> estimations. Then we determined evapotranspiration and other SWBCs through a method that combined the soil water balance method and the inverse Richards equation (a model of unsaturated soil water flow based on the Richards equation). To test the accuracy of our estimation, we used both indirect methods (such as power consumption of the pumping irrigation well, and published SWBCs values at nearby sites), and the water balance equation technique to verify the estimated <em>SWBCs</em> values, all of which showed a good reliability of our estimation method. Finally, the uncertainties of the proposed methods were analyzed to evaluate the systematic error of the <em>SWBC</em> estimation and any restrictions on its application. The results showed significant variances among the film-mulched plots in both the cumulative irrigation volumes (652.1~ 867.3 mm) and deep drainages (170.7~364.7 mm). Moreover, the unmulched plot had remarkably higher values in both cumulative irrigation volumes (1186.5 mm) and deep drainages (651.8 mm) compared with the mulched plots. Obvious correlation existed between the volume of irrigation and that of drained water. However, the ET demands for all the plots behaved pretty much the same, with the cumulative ET values ranging between 489.1 and 561.9 mm for the different treatments in 2016, suggesting that the superfluous irrigation amounts had limited influence on the accumulated ET throughout the growing season because of the poor water-holding capacity of the sandy soil. This work confirmed that relatively reasonable estimations of the <em>SWBCs</em> in coarse-textured sandy soils can be derived by using soil moisture measurements; the proposed methods provided a reliable solution over the entire growing season and showed a great potential for identifying appropriate irrigation amounts and frequencies, and thus a move toward sustainable water resources management, even under traditional surface irrigation conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Quantification of soil water balance components based on continuous soil moisture measurement and the Richards equation in an irrigated agricultural field of a desert oasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 4685-4706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongkai Li ◽  
Hu Liu ◽  
Wenzhi Zhao ◽  
Qiyue Yang ◽  
Rong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Irrigation Drainage

Abstract. An accurate assessment of soil water balance components (SWBCs) is necessary for improving irrigation strategies in any water-limited environment. However, quantitative information on SWBCs is usually challenging to obtain, because none of the components (i.e., irrigation, drainage, and evapotranspiration) can be easily measured under actual conditions. Soil moisture is a variable that integrates the water balance components of land surface hydrology, and the evolution of soil moisture is assumed to contain the memory of antecedent hydrologic fluxes, and can thus be used to determine SWBCs from a hydrologic balance. A database of soil moisture measurements from six experimental plots with different treatments in the middle Heihe River basin of China was used to test the potential of a such a database for estimating SWBCs. We first compared the hydrophysical properties of the soils in these plots, such as vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and soil water retention features, for supporting SWBC estimations. We then determined evapotranspiration and other SWBCs using a method that combined the soil water balance method and the inverse Richards equation (a model of unsaturated soil water flow based on the Richards equation). To test the accuracy of our estimation, we used both indirect methods (such as power consumption of the pumping irrigation well and published SWBCs values at nearby sites) and the water balance equation technique to verify the estimated SWBCs values, all of which showed good reliability with respect to our estimation method. Finally, the uncertainties of the proposed methods were analyzed to evaluate the systematic error of the SWBC estimation and any restrictions regarding its application. The results showed significant variances among the film-mulched plots in both the cumulative irrigation volumes (652.1–867.3 mm) and deep drainages (170.7–364.7 mm). Moreover, the un-mulched plot had remarkably higher values in both cumulative irrigation volumes (1186.5 mm) and deep drainages (651.8 mm) compared with the mulched plots. Obvious correlation existed between the volume of irrigation and that of drained water. However, the ET demands for all of the plots behaved pretty much the same, with the cumulative ET values ranging between 489.1 and 561.9 mm for the different treatments in 2016, suggesting that the superfluous irrigation amounts had limited influence on the accumulated ET throughout the growing season due to the poor water-holding capacity of the sandy soil. This work confirmed that relatively reasonable estimations of the SWBCs in coarse-textured sandy soils can be derived by using soil moisture measurements; the proposed methods provided a reliable solution over the entire growing season and showed a great potential for identifying appropriate irrigation amounts and frequencies, and thus a move toward sustainable water resources management, even under traditional surface irrigation conditions.

Effect of Crop Geometry (Row Proportions) on the Water Balance of the Root Zone of a Pigeonpea and Rice Intercropping System

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jena ◽  
C. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Dry Spell ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crop Geometry

SUMMARYRice, pigeonpea and rice + pigeonpea systems (in the row proportions of 1:2 and 2:5) were compared. Soil water depletion and percolation were determined during selected dry spells and yields ascertained after harvest. The mean evapotranspiration rates of rice, pigeonpea, rice + pigeonpea (1:2) and rice + pigeonpea (2:5) were 0.28, 0.79, 0.40 and 0.35 cm d−1, respectively, during a dry spell around 60 days after sowing. In general low rainfall intensity and frequent dry spells in the growing season increased pigeonpea yield but depressed that of rice. Intercropping thus ensured yield stability and hence the profitability of the system as a whole.

scholarly journals The soil water balance and the development of spring soft wheat under various cultivation technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Belyaev ◽  
M. M. Silanteva ◽  
A. V. Matsyura ◽  
L. V. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Spring Soft Wheat

The steppe zone has always attracted people with its resources, despite the fact that it is a zone of risky agriculture. In this research we discovered that soil water balance under the spring soft wheat was negative most of the time of the vegetation period in the Rebrikhinsky district of the Altai Region, and soil moisture consumption during the observation period depends on the technology options and an average values was in the range from 100.9 mm to 131.9 mm. An average soil moisture consumption was 42.5% of spring moisture reserves. In the plots where autumn soil cultivation was not carried out, the average water consumption for the vegetation period was 41.7% of the spring moisture reserves, while in those plots where it was 43.2%, i.e., only 1.5% more. The absence of both autumn and spring tillage led to the consumption of 38.8% moisture from spring soil moisture reserves during the growing season. In the case when only spring tillage was carried out, this value was 44.7%, and if both cultivations were carried out - 43.2%. The difference in the sowing rates practically did not affect the total moisture consumption from the soil, it amounted to 42.2-42.8% of the spring moisture reserves. The maximum difference in water consumption was found when comparing the equipment used for spring tillage and sowing. So, when using Catros and DMC-9000, respectively, an average of 47.5% of spring moisture reserves was spent during the growing season, while using Russian-made equipment – KPE-3,8 or BDM-6*4 and SZP-3.6А, it was 38.9%. The moisture reserves in the meter soil layer decreased in direct proportion to the increase in average plant height.

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