scholarly journals The Conceptualization of Risk Tolerance and Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Tolerance of Individual Health Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 29-72
Author(s):  
Hyoyeun Jun ◽  
Yan Jin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Psychometric Tool ◽  
Depth Interviews

Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different risk types, this study refines the conceptualization of risk tolerance and advances its operationalization in the setting of individual health risks. Qualitative research (in-depth interviews: n = 28; focus group: n = 30) and two survey datasets (sample 1: n = 500; sample 2: n = 500) were employed for scale development and testing. Results identify that two types of individual health risk tolerance exhibited by at-risk publics: (1) Compulsive tendency toward risk taking (CTRT), as evidenced in their unwillingness to refrain from risky behaviors even if they know the negative consequences and (2) inertial resistance to risk prevention (IRRP), as indicated by their indifference toward or intentionally ignoring health messages advocating for behavioral changes. The two-factor 13-item scale’s reliability, factorial structure, and validity are further assessed. This risk tolerance scale provides a valid and reliable psychometric tool for risk communication scholars and practitioners to measure publics’ tolerance of different individual health risks in order to design effective messages to overcome it as a barrier.

Exploring Modes, Strategies, and Psychosocial Consequences of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hira Kanwal ◽  
Humaira Jami
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cyber Victimization ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Depth Interviews

The purpose of the study was to explore modes, strategies, and consequences of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among university students. In-depth interviews of 14 volunteer university students (8 male and 6 female) were conducted who volunteered to participate in the study in which 10 participants were “cybervictims” whereas 4 were “cyberbully-victim”. Interview guide was used for conducting unstructured interviews. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed different experiences in cyberspace with respect to gender and role (cybervictim and cyberbully-victim) in experiencing cyberbullying and cyber-victimization. Three themes emerged that is psychological consequences (emotional, behavioral, and cognitive), social consequences (family and peers), and change in lifestyle (online, offline, and academic). Facebook was found to be the most prevalent mode of cyberbullying. The cyberbully-victim participants derived more happiness while bullying and had revengeful attitude; whereas, cybervictims experienced more depression, increased family surveillance, social isolation, and became aware of negative consequences of social networking sites, became more vigilant and conscious in cyberspace. Moreover, the consequences reported by cyberbully-victim were distrust on security settings, low academic achievement, and their peers learnt from their cyberspace experience. Perception of cyber-victimization was different across gender and its psychological impact was more pronounced for girls than boys. The results and implications were discussed in Pakistani context.

Prognostication Stereotype of Patients Morbidity and Mortality by Extraction of E-Health Records

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Sunitha .T ◽  
Shyamala .J ◽  
Annie Jesus Suganthi Rani.A
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Disease Area ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Main Motive

Data mining suggest an innovative way of prognostication stereotype of Patients health risks. Large amount of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) collected over the years have provided a rich base for risk analysis and prediction. An EHR contains digitally stored healthcare information about an individual, such as observations, laboratory tests, diagnostic reports, medications, procedures, patient identifying information and allergies. A special type of EHR is the Health Examination Records (HER) from annual general health check-ups. Identifying participants at risk based on their current and past HERs is important for early warning and preventive intervention. By “risk”, we mean unwanted outcomes such as mortality and morbidity. This approach is limited due to the classification problem and consequently it is not informative about the specific disease area in which a personal is at risk. Limited amount of data extracted from the health record is not feasible for providing the accurate risk prediction. The main motive of this project is for risk prediction to classify progressively developing situation with the majority of the data unlabeled.

PRACTICES AND ALGORITHM OF INFORMING OF CONSUMERS ABOUT HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS RESIDUES IN FOOD

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
A.O. Barg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Social Networking Services ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Antibiotics Residues

The practices of risk communication on the problem of residues of antibiotics in foodstuffs in modern Russia are described based on the results of in-depth expert interviews. Several risk communication problems connected with the lack of relevant information about the theme, low efficiency of traditional information channels, and insufficient activity of key informants have been identified. The algorithm and basic principles of risk communication between authorities, food producers and consumers are proposed. It is proved that using of social media, social networking services and «new opinion leaders» (such as bloggers) can increase the effectiveness of health risks communication in modern society.

scholarly journals Improving drug safety predictions by reducing poor analytical practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239784732097863
Author(s):  
Stanley E Lazic ◽  
Dominic P Williams
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Drug Safety ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Preclinical Data ◽  
Safety Pharmacology ◽  
Patients At Risk

Predicting the safety of a drug from preclinical data is a major challenge in drug discovery, and progressing an unsafe compound into the clinic puts patients at risk and wastes resources. In drug safety pharmacology and related fields, methods and analytical decisions known to provide poor predictions are common and include creating arbitrary thresholds, binning continuous values, giving all assays equal weight, and multiple reuse of information. In addition, the metrics used to evaluate models often omit important criteria and models’ performance on new data are often not assessed rigorously. Prediction models with these problems are unlikely to perform well, and published models suffer from many of these issues. We describe these problems in detail, demonstrate their negative consequences, and propose simple solutions that are standard in other disciplines where predictive modelling is used.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Factors Associated with Interpersonal Violence among In-School Adolescents in Ghana: Analysis of the Global School-Based Health Survey Data

Adolescents ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
Richard Gyan Aboagye ◽  
Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽  
Francis Arthur-Holmes ◽  
James Boadu Frimpong ◽  
John Elvis Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
School Based

Interpersonal violence is a critical public health concern that is linked with many negative consequences, including mortality. It is the second most predominant cause of death among male adolescents aged 15–19. This study used a nationally representative data from the recent Ghana Global School-based Health Survey to examine the prevalence and factors associated with interpersonal violence among Ghanaian in-school adolescents. A total of 2214 in-school adolescents were included in the final analysis. Multivariable binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors assciated with interpersonal violence. The results of the regression analysis were presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence level (CI) in all the analyses. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of interpersonal violence was 55.7%, of which the prevalences of physical fighting and attack were 38.2% and 41.5%, respectively. In-school adolescents who had an injury were more likely to experience interpersonal violence (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.71–3.06) compared with those who did not have an injury. The odds of interpersonal violence were higher among in-school adolescents who were bullied (aOR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.84–3.34) compared with those who were not bullied. In addition, in-school adolescents who attempted suicide (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.22–2.47), consumed alcohol at the time of the survey (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.15–3.06), and were truant (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.29–1.99) had higher odds of experiencing interpersonal violence. These factors provide education directors and school heads/teachers with the relevant information to guide them in designing specific interventions to prevent interpersonal violence, particularly physical fights and attacks in the school settings. School authorities should organize parent–teacher meetings or programs to help parents improve their relationships with in-school adolescents to prevent or minimize their risky behaviors, including physical fights.

Contextualizing LGB Youth’s Experiences With Victimization and Risky Behaviors: A Qualitative Approach to General Strain Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deeanna M. Button
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
General Strain Theory ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Sexuality Research ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
General Strain ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study uses 20 in-depth interviews with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) young adults aged 18 to 25 years to integrate theoretical constructs from the sociology of sexuality with Agnew’s general strain theory (GST). This approach provides theoretical context to LGB youth’s experiences with victimization and risky behaviors. The use of qualitative data provides a deeper understanding of LGB youth’s experiences with heteronormativity, heterosexism, and homophobia, and how these structural-level processes shape interactional- and individual-level experiences. Integrating sexuality research and GST helps clarify interconnected processes that occur at multiple levels of social life, providing a more complete picture of LGB experiences.

scholarly journals Can a Home Care Package deliver a meaningful life? Challenges for rural home care delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Pauline Marsh ◽  
Amelie Fuller ◽  
Judith Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Meaningful Life ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Life Challenges ◽  
Care Package ◽  
And Control ◽  
Depth Interviews

Objective: To explore the capacity and responsiveness of the Home Care Package (HCP) Program to deliver the promise of a meaningful life for rural residents.Methods: In-depth interviews utilising appreciative enquiry in two local government areas in rural/outer regional Tasmania (MM2-6). Participants: Rural staff and residents who were either receiving, seeking or delivering support through the HCP Program.Results: Interviews revealed that positive impacts of being assisted to stay at home resulted when staff were able to provide support that was appropriate to need, and enabled the continuation of rural community engagement, individual autonomy and control. When the HCP did not provide these, or even hindered them, there were negative consequences, and feelings of confusion, mistrust, and disappointment for staff and residents. The rural context creates specific challenges for the HCP Program in its current form, related to service availability and choice, staff recruitment, training and availability, and client/provider needs mismatch.Conclusions: Older rural people are variously impacted upon by the HCP Program. Factors of rurality, including workforce issues, hamper the Program’s potential to positively contribute to a meaningful life. As demand grows, changes are needed. There is a need to examine the Program design for urban-centrisms, and gain a greater awareness of older rural people’s needs and rural service challenges.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and environmental implications of hydraulic fracturing in Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta Evangelina Sánchez Cano ◽  
Karla Elizabeth Segura Millán-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Socioeconomic Problems

Over the last years, hydraulic fracturing has been implemented in several countries. It is important to understand the consequences that soil and water modification has over the ecosystems and socioeconomic activity. Fracking in particular has proven to contribute to the increasing environmental and socioeconomic problems, which include climate change, losses in agricultural activity and even health risks. The number of boreholes in places like Mexico has increased, creating negative consequences for the environment and for the communities where these boreholes are located.

scholarly journals Economics of deforestation: Poverty, inequality and socio-environmental impacts of the consumption of firewood in Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-431
Author(s):  
María Vallejo ◽  
Maribel Caicedo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Populations

We take the concept of the economics of deforestation to analyse the consumption of firewood in Ecuador during 2018. We identify poor rural populations as being at risk, since the incomplete burning of firewood generates emissions of CO2 that can reach levels that are harmful to their health. We calculate that 95% of the impacts associated with the consumption of firewood are concentrated in rural areas, most of them in poverty conditions: the deforestation of 5,935 hectares, the emission of 1,317.38 Gg of CO2 and 94.58 Gg of CO due to the consumption of 782.08 Gg of firewood. We suggest an energy policy based on solidarity to reduce health risks for these communities, which in turn will enable other impacts to be mitigated. However, it will be necessary to include specific policies for commercial, industrial and productive uses of firewood, where about 65% of firewood consumption and its impacts are concentrated.

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