scholarly journals Economics of deforestation: Poverty, inequality and socio-environmental impacts of the consumption of firewood in Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-431
Author(s):  
María Vallejo ◽  
Maribel Caicedo

We take the concept of the economics of deforestation to analyse the consumption of firewood in Ecuador during 2018. We identify poor rural populations as being at risk, since the incomplete burning of firewood generates emissions of CO2 that can reach levels that are harmful to their health. We calculate that 95% of the impacts associated with the consumption of firewood are concentrated in rural areas, most of them in poverty conditions: the deforestation of 5,935 hectares, the emission of 1,317.38 Gg of CO2 and 94.58 Gg of CO due to the consumption of 782.08 Gg of firewood. We suggest an energy policy based on solidarity to reduce health risks for these communities, which in turn will enable other impacts to be mitigated. However, it will be necessary to include specific policies for commercial, industrial and productive uses of firewood, where about 65% of firewood consumption and its impacts are concentrated.

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
T. J. B. Dummer ◽  
S. Bellemare ◽  
N. MacDonald ◽  
L. Parker

Deaths from avoidable causes represent the largest component of deaths in young people in Canada and have a considerable social cost in relation to years of potential life lost. We evaluated social and demographic determinants of deaths in youth aged 12–24 years in Nova Scotia for the period 1995–2004. Youth most at risk of death were males, the more socially deprived, and those living in rural areas. There was a five-fold increase in suicides and a three-fold increase in injury deaths in males compared to females and a substantial component of these deaths were amongst males living in rural areas. Initiatives and prevention policies should be targeted towards specific at-risk groups, particularly males living in rural areas. Published vital statistics hide these important trends and thus provide only limited evidence with which to base-prevention initiatives.


Author(s):  
Sunitha .T ◽  
Shyamala .J ◽  
Annie Jesus Suganthi Rani.A

Data mining suggest an innovative way of prognostication stereotype of Patients health risks. Large amount of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) collected over the years have provided a rich base for risk analysis and prediction. An EHR contains digitally stored healthcare information about an individual, such as observations, laboratory tests, diagnostic reports, medications, procedures, patient identifying information and allergies. A special type of EHR is the Health Examination Records (HER) from annual general health check-ups. Identifying participants at risk based on their current and past HERs is important for early warning and preventive intervention. By “risk”, we mean unwanted outcomes such as mortality and morbidity. This approach is limited due to the classification problem and consequently it is not informative about the specific disease area in which a personal is at risk. Limited amount of data extracted from the health record is not feasible for providing the accurate risk prediction. The main motive of this project is for risk prediction to classify progressively developing situation with the majority of the data unlabeled.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-297
Author(s):  
Aimee N. Jensen ◽  
Candace M. Beam ◽  
Amber R. Douglass ◽  
Jennifer E. Brabson ◽  
Michelle Colvard ◽  
...  

Abstract To achieve the nationwide goal of reducing opioid-related deaths, a clinical pharmacy specialist–led clinical video telehealth (CVT) clinic was created at a Veterans Affairs medical center (VAMC) to deliver opioid overdose prevention and naloxone education to at-risk patients. The purpose of this innovative practice was to improve access to this potentially life-saving intervention to patients across urban and rural areas. This study is a single-center, descriptive analysis of adult patients across 2 VAMC campuses and 4 community-based outpatient clinics from July 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016. The purpose of this innovative practice was to increase access to overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) to at-risk patients across urban and rural areas. Patient-specific factors were also examined among those receiving naloxone through the CVT clinic compared to other prescribers. During the first 6 months from the initiation of the clinic, 1 pharmacist prescribed 21% of the health care system's naloxone. These patients identified by the pharmacist-led CVT clinic were more likely to be considered high-risk due to concomitant use of opioids and benzodiazepines. In conclusion, the pharmacist-led CVT group clinic has been an efficient strategy to extend OEND services to high-risk patients beyond central, urban areas.


Author(s):  
Hyoyeun Jun ◽  
Yan Jin

Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different risk types, this study refines the conceptualization of risk tolerance and advances its operationalization in the setting of individual health risks. Qualitative research (in-depth interviews: n = 28; focus group: n = 30) and two survey datasets (sample 1: n = 500; sample 2: n = 500) were employed for scale development and testing. Results identify that two types of individual health risk tolerance exhibited by at-risk publics: (1) Compulsive tendency toward risk taking (CTRT), as evidenced in their unwillingness to refrain from risky behaviors even if they know the negative consequences and (2) inertial resistance to risk prevention (IRRP), as indicated by their indifference toward or intentionally ignoring health messages advocating for behavioral changes. The two-factor 13-item scale’s reliability, factorial structure, and validity are further assessed. This risk tolerance scale provides a valid and reliable psychometric tool for risk communication scholars and practitioners to measure publics’ tolerance of different individual health risks in order to design effective messages to overcome it as a barrier.


2017 ◽  
pp. 1339-1366
Author(s):  
Valeria V. Kleandrova ◽  
Feng Luan ◽  
Alejandro Speck-Planche ◽  
M. Natália D. S. Cordeiro

Nanotechnology is a newly emerging field, posing substantial impacts on society, economy, and the environment. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has led to the design and large-scale production of many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications. However, along with the benefits, the use of nanomaterials raises many questions and generates concerns due to the possible health-risks and environmental impacts. This chapter provides an overview of the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) studies performed so far towards predicting nanoparticles' environmental toxicity. Recent progresses on the application of these modeling studies are additionally pointed out. Special emphasis is given to the setup of a QSAR perturbation-based model for the assessment of ecotoxic effects of nanoparticles in diverse conditions. Finally, ongoing challenges that may lead to new and exciting directions for QSAR modeling are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Patricia Maria Uchôa SIMÕES ◽  
Mariana Uchôa Simões BARBOSA

RESUMONo Brasil, a história da educação institucionalizada dos bebês inicia-se com instituições voltadas para o atendimento das populações mais pobres das cidades e está relacionada à industrialização e urbanização. Essa origem explica, em parte, a escassa oferta de Educação Infantil para as populações rurais, até hoje. O estudo debate a trajetória das creches das zonas rurais, analisa alguns dos indicadores educacionais e dados da implantação do Proinfância nessas áreas. As conclusões apontam para os avanços na legislação e a melhoria dos indicadores educacionais nas primeiras décadas desse século, também apresenta o Proinfância como uma alternativa para as zonas rurais, com a oferta de apoio aos municípios na construção de políticas de inclusão dos bebês em creche com maior qualidade de atendimento. Faz-se necessário a afirmação desses bebês como sujeitos de direitos, da sua educação como condição de cidadania e da especificidade da creche nas zonas rurais como direito à diferença.Bebês. Creche. Educação Infantil do Campo. Babies in daycare centers in rural BrazilABSTRACT In Brazil, the history of institutionalized baby education begins with institutions aimed at serving the poorest populations in cities and is related to industrialization and urbanization. This origin explains, in part, the scarce offer of Early Childhood Education for rural populations, even today. The study debates the trajectory of daycare centers in rural areas, analyzes some of the educational indicators and data on the implementation of Proinfância in these areas. The conclusions point to advances in legislation and the improvement of educational indicators in the first decades of this century, it also presents Proinfância as an alternative for rural areas, with the offer of support to municipalities in the construction of policies for the inclusion of babies in daycare centers with higher quality of care. It is necessary to affirm these babies as subjects of rights, their education as a condition of citizenship and the specificity of daycare in rural areas as the right to difference.Babies. Nursery. Rural Early Childhood Education. Bebés en guarderías en zonas rurales de BrasilRESUMEN En Brasil, la historia de la educación institucionalizada de bebes comienza con instituciones destinadas a servir a las poblaciones más pobres de las ciudades y está relacionada con la industrialización y la urbanización. Este origen explica, en parte, la escasa oferta de educación de la primera infancia para las poblaciones rurales, incluso hoy en día. El estudio debate la trayectoria de las guarderías en áreas rurales, analiza algunos de los indicadores educacionales y los datos sobre la implementación de “Proinfância” en estas áreas. Las conclusiones apuntan a avances en la legislación y la mejora de los indicadores educacionales en las primeras décadas de este siglo, también presenta a “Proinfância” como una alternativa para las zonas rurales, ofreciendo apoyo a los municipios en la construcción de políticas para la inclusión de bebés en guarderías con mejor calidad de cuidado. Es necesario afirmar que estos bebés son sujetos de derechos, su educación debe ser entendida como condición de ciudadanía y la especificidad de la guardería en las zonas rurales como un derecho a la diferencia.Bebés. Guardería. Educación de la primera infancia rural. Bambini in asili nele aree rurali del BrasileSINTESEIn Brasile, la storia dell'educazione al bambino istituzionalizzata inizia con istituzioni progettate per servire le popolazioni più povere delle città ed è legata all'industrializzazione e all'urbanizzazione. Questa origine spiega, in parte, l'offerta limitata di educazione della prima infanzia per le popolazioni rurali, anche oggi. Lo studio discute la traiettoria degli asili nelle aree rurali, analizza alcuni degli indicatori e dati educativi sull'attuazione di "Proinfância" in queste aree. Le conclusioni indicano i progressi della legislazione e il miglioramento degli indicatori educativi nei primi decenni di questo secolo, inoltre presenta "Proinfância" come alternativa alle aree rurali, offrendo supporto ai comuni nella costruzione di politiche per l'inclusione dei bambini negli asili nido con una migliore qualità delle cure. È necessario affermare che questi bambini sono soggetti di diritti, la loro educazione deve essere intesa come una condizione di cittadinanza e la specificità dell'assistenza all'infanzia nelle aree rurali come un diritto alla differenza.


1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Helge

This article includes excerpts from case studies of at-risk students. It discusses the high prevalence of at-risk students in rural areas, the relationship of this phenomena to rural cultures, and basic conditions associated with being “at-risk.” Necessary policy and social changes are described and how these can be achieved within the context of a given rural community. School and community preventive and treatment services are detailed. The article discusses the need to address the “secondary” disability (the emotional overlay) of an at-risk handicapped student to facilitate effective intervention with the “primary” disability. The article concludes with a description of the need for systemic change including an emphasis on self-esteem education, appropriate pre-service and inservice, community-business-school partnerships, family involvement, and community education.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Raghavender ◽  
B. Reddy

Mycotoxins are gaining increasing importance due to their deleterious effects on human and animal health. Chronic health risks are particularly prevalent in India where the diets of the people are highly prone to mycotoxins due to poor harvesting practices, improper storage and transport coupled with high temperature and moisture. This paper reviews disease outbreaks of mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxins in India due to ingestion of mycotoxincontaminated food. Ergotism is one of the earliest known outbreaks of mycotoxins reported in rural areas of western India associated with pearl millet grain. Trichothecenes have been involved in an acute human mycotoxicosis known as alimentary toxic aleukia in India during 1987 and were attributed to the consumption of mouldy wheat. Deoxynivalenol was implicated in an outbreak of emetic syndrome in Kashmir State. An outbreak of acute foodborne disease caused by fumonisin was reported in south India during 1995 affecting 1,424 people due to contaminated sorghum and maize. Rhizopus toxicosis was reported from Maharashtra State and caused the death of three people. These outbreaks continue to be a significant health problem of people in India, because their poor purchasing power compels them to consume contaminated food.


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