A Wake-Up Call: Determination of Antibiotics Residue Level in Raw Meat in Abattoir and Selected Slaughterhouses in Five Local Government in Kano State, Nigeria.

The frequent use of antibiotics may result in drug residues that can be discovered at varying quantities in animal products such as milk or meat. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in food above the MRLs has been perceived globally by various persons. Antibiotics residues are present in food, which can endanger human health by causing antibiotic sensitivity, allergic reactions, microflora imbalance, bacterial resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms, and financial loss to the food industry. Farmers around the world utilize them on a sporadic basis for both preventative and curative purposes. This study assessed the antibiotics residues in raw meat sold in 6 slaughter houses in Kano States. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving six (6) major slaughter house in Kano state. Muscle, Kidney and liver samples were collected from each slaughterhouse. The antibiotic residues in the meat samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline residue results were presented in charts and tables. Out of a total of 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 15 (83%) of the total samples had detectable levels of tetracycline residues from which 6(33.3%) had tetracycline residues at violative levels above the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs), out of those 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 6(33%) of the total samples had detectable levels of oxytetracycline residues from which 3(17%) had oxytetracycline residues at violative levels above the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and out of those 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 12(67%) of the total samples had detectable levels of ciprofloxacin, all levels are below the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs). This high level of tetracycline and oxytetracycline residues in greater proportion of meat destined for human consumption at violative levels could be as a result of the indiscriminate use and misuse of veterinary drugs as commonly practiced among livestock producers and marketers without observing withdrawal period prior to slaughter. These results indicate that consumers may be predisposed to health hazards and hinder international meat trade from Nigeria. Regulatory authorities should therefore ensure compliance with good agricultural practices including withdrawal period of drugs used for treatment of food animals.

An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms

Antibiotics are used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in both human and veterinary medicine and as growth promoting agents in farms and aquaculture. They can accumulate in environmental matrices and in the food chain, causing adverse effects in humans and animals including the development of antibiotic resistance. This review aims to update and discuss the available data on antibiotic residues, using bivalves as biomonitoring organisms. The current research indicates that antibiotics’ presence in bivalves has been investigated along European, American and Asian coasts, with the majority of studies reported for the last. Several classes of antibiotics have been detected, with a higher frequency of detection reported for macrolides, sulfonamides and quinolones. The highest concentration was instead reported for tetracyclines in bivalves collected in the North Adriatic Sea. Only oxytetracycline levels detected in this latter site exceeded the maximum residual limit established by the competent authorities. Moreover, the risk that can be derived from bivalve consumption, calculated considering the highest concentrations of antibiotics residues reported in the analyzed studies, is actually negligible. Nevertheless, further supervisions are needed in order to preserve the environment from antibiotic pollution, prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance and reduce the health risk derived from seafood consumption.

βeta-lactam and Tetracycline Antibiotic Residues in Cow Milk in the Constantine region, Algeria

The aim of the present study was to investigate the βeta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues in cow milk samples. A total of 122 samples of cow milk were collected from raw milk collectors (109 samples) and from a reconstituted pasteurized milk sales clerk (13 samples) in the Constantine region, Algeria and examined using the ΒetaStar Combo screening kit (Neogen, USA). Results indicates that 13 samples (10.66%) were positive for antibiotics residues: 12 (9.84%) for βeta-lactams (ten (8.20%) raw and two (1.64%) pasteurized milk samples) and only one (0.82%) for tetracyclines in a raw milk sample. It is evident that the Algerian consumer is not sheltered from the danger of antibiotic residues in milk and these inhibitor residues should constitute a constant concern for the dairy industry in Algeria. A control programme should be established.

Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cow raw milk samples from Albania and Serbia

This research aimed to determine the prevalence rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow milk samples in Albania and Serbia. A total of 100 raw milk samples, 50 from Albania and 50 from Serbia, have been collected from randomly selected cattle farms. Twelve samples (12 %) were positive for S. aureus, five of those originating from Albania (41.66 %) and seven from Serbia (58.33 %). Resistance of isolated S. aureus strains to ampicillin in milk samples from Albania (36.7 %) and Serbia (34.1 %) was the most common. Some of S. aureus strains from milk samples from Albania were resistant to tetracycline (16.9 %), while isolates from milk samples from Serbia were more resistant towards oxacillin (18 %). The recorded resistance towards erythromycin (13.2 %; 13.1 %), and sulfatrim (7.6 %; 6.9 %) was similar between both milk samples, respectively. The obtained results have shown higher resistance of S. aureus strains towards cephalothin in milk samples from Serbia (3.9 %) compared to milk samples from Albania (1.6 %), respectively. All isolates tested for antibiotic sensitivity were susceptible to methicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. The obtained results regarding the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics indicated that isolates were resistant to tetracycline, oxacillin, erythromycin, and ampicillin, respectively. Results of our investigation have shown that the found antibiotics residues are related to the usage of erythromycin (72.6 % and 73.9 %), followed by ampicillin (70.4 % and 71.2 %) while residues of ciprofloxacin in the analysed milk samples was not registered.

Recent Advances in Molecular-Imprinting-Based Solid-Phase Extraction of Antibiotics Residues Coupled With Chromatographic Analysis

Abuse and residues of antibiotics cause great harm to organisms and the environment. Appropriate sample pretreatment is usually required for sensitive determination, because of the low content presence of a variety of antibiotics in complicated matrices. Molecular-imprinting-based solid-phase extraction (MISPE) has been widely used for sample pretreatment of antibiotics, using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as adsorbents. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent advances of MISPE of antibiotics, followed by chromatographic analysis. Various solid-phase extraction (SPE) modes based on MIPs are briefly introduced, such as conventional SPE, dispersive SPE, magnetic SPE, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and pipette-tip SPE. Then, several emerging preparation techniques for antibiotics MIPs are summarized including surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, living/controlled radical polymerization, multitemplate imprinting, multifunctional monomer imprinting, and dummy template imprinting. Subsequently, applications of MISPE to analysis of a variety of antibiotics residues since 2018 are overviewed, including sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracycline, and others. Finally, the preparation and application of antibiotics MIPs are prospected.