scholarly journals The Medieval Concept of Music Perception. Hearing, Calculating and Contemplating

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 369-376
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Witkowska-Zaremba
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Abstract Categories ◽  
Medieval Music Theory ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Seeking to indicate the most salient features of the medieval perception of music, we must first of all point to the close relationship between the sensual and intellectual elements. This relationship is most conspicuous in the term "harmonica" introduced in the Latin Middle Ages by Boethius and defined as follows: "harmonica is the faculty of perceiving through senses and the intellect the differences between high and low sounds". The same definition reveals another significant feature of the perception of music, namely, that the importance is attached not to individual sounds, but to the differences or relationships between them, that is to the intervals. Since - in accordance with the Pythagorean tradition, which was a major force in medieval music theory - the relationship between sounds can be expressed numerically, it may therefore be considered in terms of the relationship of two numbers, apart from actual sound and beyond physical time. The question arises whether this concept of music could influence the perception of a medieval listener. For instance, can listening to music be understood as a process which engages both cognitive powers and concerns reducing in some unspecified manner the data perceived and processed by the senses to abstract categories which can be conceived only by the intellect?.

Virtual Segments: The Hexachordal System in the Late Middle Ages

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFANO MENGOZZI
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sight Singing ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
Basic Distinction ◽  
Medieval Music Theory

ABSTRACT Music-theoretical writings from the 13th to the 15th centuries maintained a basic distinction between two types of major sixth, customarily labeled hexachordum and deductio (or proprietas). The term hexachordum, more frequently called tonus (or semitonus) cum diapente, designated the interval of a major of minor sixth, frequently expressed by pitch letters only (such as G-e and A-F) and discussed independently of Guidonian solmization. On the other hand, proprietas and deductio indicated a ““virtual segment”” (the set of six syllables ut-la) that could be employed for the purpose of sight singing. Neither set challenged the conceptual primacy of the seven claves, expressed by the letters A-G. Hexachordum was routinely described as a portion of the octave, and the late-medieval notion of proprietas still reflected the principle of octave duplication, which had regulated musical practice since pre-Guidonian times. The ““two-tier”” model of diatonic space encountered in medieval music theory, based on the superimposition of Guido's six syllables onto the seven pitch letters, came to an end in the late 15th century, when authors such as Ramos de Pareja and Franchino Gafori began describing the Guidonian deductio——which they called hexachordum——as the primary mode of organization of the gamut that had superseded the Greek tetrachordum.

Medieval Music

Music ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wolinski ◽  
James Borders
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Old Occitan ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Medieval music generally refers to western European music between the late 8th and early 15th centuries, although topics concerning Christian liturgy and plainchant reach further back into history. The Latin-Christian realms considered here include Britain ranging from England to St. Andrews, Scotland, the Frankish Empire from France to central Europe, the Spanish territories of Galicia, León, Castile, and Catalonia, the Mediterranean region, Sicily, and the Italian peninsula. Questions of how the music of these peoples was composed, conceived, performed, and preserved during this lengthy period are as many and diverse as the backgrounds and interests of those seeking answers. During the early Middle Ages, music was transmitted orally and the churches of different regions had distinctive liturgies and chants. With the unification of the Christian Church under the Carolingians around the turn of the 9th century, chant came to be written down, early musical notation serving as a memory aid. The relationship of Frankish and other regional chant repertories to that of the papal city of Rome, various attempts to regularize Western plainchant, and the music theory that developed to comprehend it are among the most extensively studied topics of chant scholarship. Religious songs other than chant were also sung, often outside of Church services, in Latin or such vernacular languages as Galician, German, Czech, English, Italian, and Hebrew. Numerous love songs were written in Old Occitan, French, and German. Starting in the 9th century, polyphonic arrangements of chants called organum emerged. In the 12th century, one encounters polyphonic settings of strophic Latin poems called versus and conductus. Sacred polyphony was by then performed at a number of centers, although the organum and conductus composed for Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in the late 12th and early 13th centuries were the most widely disseminated and stylistically influential genres of their time. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, new genres of polyphonic composition emerged, notably the motet, various French and Italian secular songs, and Mass Ordinary movements. Instrumental music had existed since earliest times but it came to be notated only in the late 13th century in the form of monophonic dance tunes. Most composers of medieval sacred monophony are unknown except for certain authors of hymns, sequences, and chants. The courtly troubadours, trouvères, and Minnesänger are however often identified in manuscript song collections. By the 12th century, composers of polyphony like Leonin and Perotin were known and praised.

Medieval Music Theory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Herlinger
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Technical Writing ◽  
Arithmetic Geometry ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
The West ◽  
Handwritten Documents ◽  
Medieval Music ◽  
Musica Ficta ◽  
Medieval Music Theory

Medieval music theory encompasses technical writing on music from roughly 500 to 1450 ce—from the transmission to the West of ancient Greek music theory via the writings of Boethius and his contemporaries to the development of printing. It was disseminated principally in Latin (the primary language of intellectual discourse in the West) through handwritten documents, which remain its principal witnesses. The subjects of medieval music theory include fundamentals of music, notation of both pitch and rhythm, counterpoint, musica ficta, and modes. Medieval music theory has strong relations to other disciplines of the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy); to the institutions within which it flourished (church, monastic and cathedral schools, and—during the later Middle Ages—universities). It has strong ties to philosophy and theology and, of course, to music in practice. During the later Middle Ages, English, German, French, Italian, and other vernaculars became increasingly common in discourse on music, but they never overtook Latin.

Stages of the formation of the Islamic concept of international law in the medieval and modern time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Okladnaya ◽  
Olena Hurenko
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

Problem setting. Islamic international law is a set of Islamic norms and customs that govern the relationship of Muslim States and Muslims with non-Muslim States, as well as with Muslim individuals within and outside the world of Islam. Islam has come a long and difficult way from the emergence of religion in modern ideology. It is considered one of the leading religions of the world and has a significant influence on a large number of people and states, so it is advisable to study one of the outstanding stages of the formation of the Islamic system in the field of international law, namely the Middle Ages and find out its connection with modernity. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The Islamic science of international law is in the process of development, during which its representatives try to combine the traditional values of Islam with the basic principles of modern international law. Among the scientists who made a significant contribution to the study of the Islamic concept of international law, its historical development and the modern situation, one can distinguish such as A. Butkevich, L. Sukiyainen, Al-Shaybani, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, V. Knapp, M. Sana, Sardar Ali S., Hilmli M. Zavati, A. Merezhko, B. Feldman and others. Target of research. Study of the Islamic concept of international law, analysis and comparison of content, significance of Islamic international law in the Middle Ages and modern times. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the main stages of the formation of one of the most important systems of international law – Islamic, which is a collection of unique traditional values, legal norms and customs of Islam. The stages of development in the Middle Ages and the connection with modernity were investigated, the main features in the Middle Ages were determined. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Islamic international law is a set of Islamic norms and customs that govern the relationship of Muslim States and Muslims with non-Muslim States, as well as with Muslim individuals within and outside the world of Islam. Islam has come a long and difficult way from the emergence of religion in modern ideology. It is considered one of the leading religions of the world and has a significant influence on a large number of people and states, so it is advisable to study one of the outstanding stages of the formation of the Islamic system in the field of international law, namely the Middle Ages and find out its connection with modernity.

Legal change for child health: Report on a conference

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-253
Author(s):  
Henry M. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Frank Lloyd Wright ◽  
Conference Participant ◽  
Health Report ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

"Physically and politically powerless, children have always gotten the short end of the stick. In earlier times, the surplus, especially females, were legally and deliberately killed; in the Middle Ages and until recently children were chattels; in Dickensian England they starved in workhouses or were exploited as beggars a la Oliver Twist...." Louise Raggio, Conference Participant The building Frank Lloyd Wright called Wingspread served as the setting for a discussion concerning the relationship of the health of the young to their legal needs and the role of the pediatrician in these regards. Men and women from medicine, the law, and social work shared their points of view, seeking a firm definition of advocacy for children, attempting to highlight some manageable priorities among the legal needs so that pediatricians might move to a partnership with others in the community which might facilitate access to a better life for all children and youth.

The Relationship of Indonesian Language Learning with the Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oryn Livenza
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Indonesian has a close relationship in learning Indonesian with the environment. Because, the environment can determine a person's language. A person will have a good language if he is in an environment where the Indonesian language is qualified. A good Indonesian environment can be started from learning Indonesian that relates it to the surrounding environment. The environment is very important for the survival of living things on earth. This is because the environment is the home of all living things on earth. Including humans, animals, plants that we must preserve. If the environment did not exist then all living things on earth would not survive. Likewise, if the environment continues to be damaged.

Eingehüllt in Gold und Bein – Die techné des Chryselephantin als ›Mitstreit‹ im Mittelalter

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-507
Author(s):  
Stefan Trinks
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Presence Of God ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract Gold and ivory were considered to be among the most valuable materials in the Middle Ages. Whereas ivory would represent skin or bone tissue, gold could simultaneously signify and disguise the presence of God. Their iconology is tied to the objects they are attached with, heightening their value. What has not been studied in great depth so far, however, is the range of combinations and the nature of the relationship of both combined as “chryselephantine” in the antique manner. In examples of mostly Carolingian and Ottonian front covers and reliquaries made from gold and ivory between the ninth and eleventh centuries, it is evident that both were treated as equally valuable and that their combination results not in a paragone but a synagon, or aesthetic comradeship.

Simulation Study on Amplitude of the Overhead Line Based on Simulink

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Mei Yun Zhao ◽  
Zheng Lin Liu ◽  
Xin Ze Zhao ◽  
Rui Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Overhead Line ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Overhead Lines ◽  
Aeolian Vibration ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Actual Amplitude ◽  
Transmission Overhead ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Aeolian vibration often occurs in the high-voltage transmission overhead lines, and the amplitude of conductors has close relationship with conductors fretting wear. It is very difficult to measure actual amplitude of working conductor, so obtaining the amplitude of the conductor by the means of simulation is of practical significant to research quantitatively the relationship of the amplitude and the fretting wear. In this paper an imitation test-bed was built. The maximum amplitudes in the different location of a conductor in a test condition were obtained by Simulink software simulating, and the results were compared with the maximum amplitudes obtained by experimental test. The result of this comparison showed that between of them were of good similarity, and the locations of vibration nodes and maximum amplitudes were basically same. It was proved to be feasible that the aeolian vibration amplitude of the overhead conductor in kinds of conditions could be obtained by Simulink software simulating.

Lay Community and Church Instituions of the Lahngau in the Late Middle ages

1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Theodor Brodek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Development Of Attitudes ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the lay community to clerical institutions during the Middle Ages and especially in the pre–Reformation Era has long been a subject of methodical investigation. It has, however, proven extremely difficult to gain reliable evidence regarding subjective attitudes towards the clergy. Once the basic literary sources have been culled, further elucidation of the development of attitudes on the part of the majority of the people tends to become vague and hesitant or to rely on post hoc explanations. In this brief study, I have experimented with a statistical approach to the problem by tabulating the records of donations to three church institutions of the Lahngau in order to be able to trace, if at all possible, the evolution of attitudes which they reflect. I have, furthermore, attempted to test the hypothesis that the subjective attitudes of a social class towards a church institution are partially conditioned by the effective power exercised on the institution in question at the local level by the donor group.

Exchange, religion, identity and central places in the early Middle Ages

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Theuws
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Imaginary World ◽  
Central Places ◽  
Prestige Goods ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractExchange in the early Middle Ages has traditionally been studied from a ‘technological’, ‘economic’ or ‘socio-political’ perspective, and has examined such issues as transport practices, supply and demand, or the ways in which exchange helps to maintain and reproduce the socio-political order. A particular focus of research has been the significance of the exchange of prestige goods for the power of the king and the aristocracy. There has been almost no analysis to date of the complexity of the exchange system as a whole, which – together with the exchange of commodities and gifts – includes the keeping of objects. Nor have archaeologists paid much attention to the relationship between forms of exchange (and the norms and values associated with them) and the imaginary world from which ‘value’ is derived in exchange. In the early medieval Frankish world there seems to have been a close relationship between exchange and the imaginary Christian world. In this contribution, I will attempt to examine the relationship between exchange and the imaginary world in the early Middle Ages, and to demonstrate how the results can modify the picture we have of central places like Maastricht (an old centre) and Dorestad (one of the new emporia).

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