scholarly journals Educational Value of Johan Vincent Galtung’s Conflict Resolution in Reducing Gender Issues Based Violence

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-350
Author(s):  
Limas Dodi
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Educational Value ◽  
Cultural Violence ◽  
Peace Activist ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Forms Of Violence

This article will explore the educational value of Johan Vincent Galtung's thoughts on conflict resolution that he offers in breaking down gender-based violence. As many people already know that gender issues are very closely related to discussions about violence. Apart from direct violence, Galtung emphasized another form of violence, namely structural violence, which was not carried out by individuals but hidden in smaller and wider structures. Penetration, segmentation, marginalization and fragmentation, as part of exploitation are reinforcing components in structures that function to block formation and mobility from struggling against exploitation. Johan Galtung's thinking is in line with the thinking of radical feminists. Galtung claims patriarchy as direct, structural and cultural violence. Patriarchy creates a dichotomy between public and private roles, productive and reproductive, which forms an unequal power relations between men and women. As a peace activist, the educational value of conflict resolution offered by Galtung was considered quite wise. Violence is not only done by men, but also by women. According to him, what should be hated is patriarchy, not men. Various forms of violence can be eradicated and replaced with peace. If everyone agrees not to commit physical violence, in which there is gender based violence, then everyone will also get peace. سوف تستكشف هذه المقالة قيمة التعليم عند أفكار جوهان فنسنت غالتونغ Johan Vincent Galtung حول حل النزاعات التي يقدمها في كسر العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي. كما يعلم الكثير من الناس بالفعل أن قضايا النوع مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالمناقشات حول العنف. وبصرف النظر عن العنف المباشر ، أكد غالتونغ على شكل آخر من أشكال العنف ، ألا وهو العنف الهيكلي ، الذي لم يقم به أفراد ولكنه كان مخبأ في هياكل أصغر وأوسع. ويؤدي الاختراق والتجزئة والتهميش والتجزؤ ، كجزء من الاستغلال ، إلى تعزيز العناصر في الهياكل التي تعمل على منع التكوين والحركة من النضال ضد الاستغلال. يكمن تفكير جوهان غالتونغ في تفكير النسويين المتطرفين. يدعي غالتونغ أن الأبوية هي عنف مباشر وهيكلي وثقافي. يخلق النظام الأبوي انقسامًا بين الأدوار العامة والخاصة ، الإنتاجية والإنجابية ، التي تشكل علاقات قوة غير متكافئة بين الرجال والنساء. بصفتها ناشطة سلام ، اعتبرت قيمة التعليم لحل النزاعات التي قدمها غالتونغ من الحكمة. العنف لا يتم فقط من قبل الرجال ، ولكن أيضا من قبل النساء. وفقا له ، ما ينبغي أن يكره هو الأبوية ، وليس الرجال. يمكن القضاء على أشكال العنف المختلفة واستبدالها بالسلام. إذا وافق الجميع على عدم ارتكاب العنف الجسدي ، حيث يوجد عنف قائم على نوع الجنس ، فسوف يحصل الجميع أيضًا على السلام. Artikel ini akan mengeksplorasi nilai edukasi pemikiran Johan Vincent Galtung tentang resolusi konflik yang ia tawarkan dalam mengurai kekerasan berbasis gender. Sebagaimana yang telah diketahui banyak orang bahwa isu gender sangat lekat dengan pembahasan mengenai kekerasan. Selain kekerasan langsung, Galtung menekankan bentuk lain dari kekerasan, yaitu kekerasan struktural, yang tidak dilakukan oleh individu tetapi tersembunyi dalam struktur yang lebih kecil maupun lebih luas. Penetrasi, segmentasi, marginalisasi dan fragmentasi, sebagai bagian dari eksploitasi merupakan komponen penguat dalam struktur yang berfungsi menghalangi formasi dan mobilitas untuk berjuang melawan eksploitasi. Pemikiran Johan Galtung sejalan dengan pemikiran kaum feminis radikal. Galtung mengklaim patriarki sebagai kekerasan langsung, struktural dan kultural. Patriarki membuat dikotomi antara peran publik dan privat, produktif dan reproduktif, yang membentuk relasi kuasa yang timpang antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Sebagai seorang aktifis perdamaian, nilai edukasi resolusi konflik yang ditawarkan oleh Galtung dirasa cukup bijak. Kekerasan bukan semata-mata dilakukan oleh laki-laki, tetapi juga perempuan. Menurutnya yang harusnya dibenci adalah patriarki, dan bukannya laki-laki. Beragam bentuk kekerasan bisa dihapuskan dan digantikan dengan perdamaian. Jika semua orang sepakat tidak melakukan kekerasan fisik, yang di dalamnya ada kekerasan berbasis gender, maka semua orang juga akan mendapatkan perdamaian.

scholarly journals Sexual and other forms of violence During the COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Kenya: Patterns of Violence and Impacts on Women and Girls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D Flowe ◽  
Sarah Rockowitz ◽  
James Rockey ◽  
Wangu Kanja ◽  
CATHERINE KAMAU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Emergency Measures

This research report explores the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on patterns of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Kenya. The research entailed conducting interviews across the 47 counties of Kenya, including in informal settlements, to document sexual violence and other violations of adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research findings suggest three main impacts of the COVID-19 emergency on SGBV: 1. Emergency measures are exacerbating the vulnerability of children and women; The socio-economic impact of the crisis has increased tensions within households, with reports of physical violence and increased homelessness for women; and 3. Vulnerability to violence has been amplified across the population as a whole according to reports by human rights actors, with there being numerous incidents of death and injuries caused by the police while enforcing the COVID-19 emergency measures put into place. Policy recommendations are offered.

General Recommendation No. 35 on Gender-Based Violence against Women, Updating General Recommendation No. 19

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-305 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Family ◽  
General Recommendation ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Gender-based violence against women occurs in all spaces and spheres of human interaction, whether public or private, including in the contexts of the family, the community, public spaces, the workplace, leisure, politics, sport, health services and educational settings, and the redefinition of public and private through technology-mediated environments, such as contemporary forms of violence occurring online and in other digital environments. In all those settings, gender-based violence against women can result from acts or omissions of State or non-State actors, acting territorially or extraterritorially, including extraterritorial military actions of States, individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations or coalitions, or extraterritorial operations of private corporations. General recommendation No. 35 provides States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with further guidance aimed at accelerating the elimination of gender-based violence against women.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence Against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199792
Author(s):  
Kazhan I. Mahmood ◽  
Sherzad A. Shabu ◽  
Karwan M. M-Amen ◽  
Salar S. Hussain ◽  
Diana A. Kako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown’s social and economic consequences on gender-based violence. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence by comparing the prevalence of spousal violence against women before and during the COVID-19 related lockdown periods. This study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq using a self-administered online questionnaire survey after the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020. Data were collected from a sample of 346 married women about the occurrence, frequency, and forms of spousal violence before and during the lockdown period. Significant increases in violence were observed from the pre-lockdown period to the lockdown period for any violence (32.1% to 38.7%, p = .001), emotional abuse (29.5% to 35.0%, p = .005), and physical violence (12.7% to 17.6%, p = .002). Regarding emotional abuse, humiliation (24.6% to 28.3%, p = .041) and scaring or intimidation (14.2% to 21.4%, p < .001) significantly increased during the lockdown. For physical violence, twisting the arm or pulling hair (9.0% to 13.0%, p = .004) and hitting (5.2% to 9.2%, p = .003) significantly increased during the lockdown. Forcing to have sexual intercourse also significantly increased during lockdown (6.6% to 9.5%., p = .021). The concerned authorities and women’s rights organizations should collaborate to enhance the prevention of violence against women. An effective prevention strategy should emphasize recognizing and acknowledging the extent of the problem, raising awareness about the problem and the available resources to address it, and ensuring social and economic stability. Lessons learned about the increased prevalence of spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to adopt appropriate strategies to prevent and address it will be valuable for similar future crises.

The Fragmentation of Gender in Post-Invasion Iraq

2017 ◽  
pp. 426-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Ali
Keyword(s):  
Women's Rights ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Iraqi Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter explores the evolution of gender and women’s rights struggles in Iraq since the establishment of the Personal Status Code in 1959 and shed light on the ethnosectarian fragmentation of women’s legal rights in post-invasion Iraq. The chapter argues that in order to explore women’s rights and conditions of lives in Iraq it is essential to explore the evolution of women’s rights and gender issues historically and through a complex lens of analysis rather than applying a predefined argument involving an undifferentiated “Islam” or age-old gender-based violence. It seeks to show that gender issues have been entangled with issues of nationhood, religion, and with the nature of the political regime since the very foundation of the Iraqi Republic in 1958. First, the chapter examines the debates and mobilizations around women’s legal rights in Iraq. Secondly, it highlights the development of political, economic, and military violence since the 1980s and its impact on gender norms and relations. Finally, it analyzes the specific context of ethnosectarian fragmentation in which Iraqi women have lived and mobilized since 2003.

“The Perfect Storm”: The Rise of Gender-Based Violence in the Age of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janvi Huria ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women Experiences ◽  
Crimes Against Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women ◽  
Perfect Storm

One in three women experiences sexual or physical violence at some point in their life (“A Staggering One-in-Three Women”, 2019). In the last 12 months alone, 243 million girls between the ages of 15 and 49 were subjected to sexual or physical violence by an intimate partner (“Violence against Women”, n.d.). During the COVID-19 pandemic, sudden shifts in routine have made this situation a “ticking time bomb” for the exponential growth in rates of crimes against women (Campbell, 2020).

ECONOMIC VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY: FORMS, CONSEQUENCES, PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Tamara K. Rostovskaya ◽  
◽  
Natal’ya A. Bezverbnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Economic Deprivation ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Individual

Research on gender-based violence focuses on levels of physical, sexualized, and psychological impact. This article is devoted to one of the most latent forms of violence — economic, faced by members of a multi-generational family: spouses, children, parents, grandparents. Attention is drawn to the fact that it is women who are more susceptible to various forms of economic deprivation. The authors noted that economic violence is: a restriction in access to financial resources; control over access to health care, employment, education; exclusion or complete exclusion from the financial decision-making process; discrimination in the procedure of inheritance, obtaining property rights, restriction or prohibition of the use of movable and immovable property. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the consequences of economic violence for different sectors of the economy. It is revealed that the consequence of economic violence and economic deprivation can be: the aggravation of poverty, the inability to obtain education, difficulties in socialization and realization of the individual in the professional sphere. The article also suggests indicators of economic violence. Economic violence creates a risk of physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation, and trafficking.

Rhetorical and Organizational Typification of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, and Stalking as Discrete Forms of Violence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Interactional Processes ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Abstract Despite constructions of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking as discrete forms of violence, research shows that violence often co-occurs. Victims experiencing multiple forms of violence require different interventions from victims experiencing only one. Service providers’ understandings of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking as discrete, then, potentially undermine their goal of effective intervention. Drawing on 26 months of participant observation in an anti-gender-based violence nonprofit organization, I explore how advocates construct each form of violence as independent from the others. Results show that both organizational features, such as training curricula and organizational jurisdictions, and rhetorical strategies, such as an under-emphasis on co-occurring violence, contribute to the construction of each type of violence as discrete. This paper is of interest to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers committed to designing and implementing effective responses to gender-based violence. I also advance social problems theory, showing that organizational features, not just interactional processes, contribute to typification.

Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women of Color in Their Dating and Romantic Relationships: Implications for Gender-based Violence Prevention Programs

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052097618
Author(s):  
Kristi E. Gamarel ◽  
Laura Jadwin-Cakmak ◽  
Wesley M. King ◽  
Ashley Lacombe-Duncan ◽  
Racquelle Trammell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based

Although transgender women of color, specifically Black and Latina experience gender-based violence in a variety of contexts, one of the most consistently reported is from a dating or romantic partner. This qualitative study sought to understand the manifestations and consequences of stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating or romantic relationships. Between January and February 2019, we purposively recruited 33 transgender women of color to participate in five focus group discussions and complete a brief survey. We employed both inductive and deductive approaches to coding and thematic analysis. We identified different forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma experienced by transgender women of color seeking romantic relationships and by those in romantic relationships. For those dating and seeking relationships, anti-transgender interpersonal stigma took the form of dehumanizing stereotypes and sexual objectification. While these manifestations of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma persisted for some within relationships, concealment behaviors from partners was the predominant type of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma. Each of these forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma had significant gender-based violence consequences, specifically encountering physical violence, experiencing psychological trauma, and engaging in survival strategies. In the current climate of COVID-19, which is exacerbating risks of gender-based violence, there is an urgent need to understand and address the nuanced manifestations of stigma in relationships and their consequences on the lives of transgender women of color. Culturally grounded gender-based violence prevention policies and programs with transgender women should address these forms of stigma and build on community strengths. Findings also highlight the importance of future research and gender-based violence prevention programming with cisgender men in/seeking partnerships with transgender women of color.

scholarly journals Lifetime prevalence, correlates and health consequences of gender-based violence victimisation and perpetration among men and women in Somalia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L Wirtz ◽  
Nancy A Perrin ◽  
Amelie Desgroppes ◽  
Verena Phipps ◽  
Ali A Abdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Parental Violence ◽  
Humanitarian Emergencies ◽  
Sexual Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Gender Based

BackgroundHumanitarian emergencies increase the risk of gender-based violence (GBV). We estimated the prevalence of GBV victimisation and perpetration among women and men in urban settings across Somalia, which has faced decades of war and natural disasters that have resulted in massive population displacements.MethodsA population-based survey was conducted in 14 urban areas across Somalia between December 2014 and November 2015.ResultsA total of 2376 women and 2257 men participated in the survey. One in five men (22.2%, 95% CI 20.5 to 23.9) and one in seven (15.5%; 95% CI 14.1 to 17.0) women reported physical or sexual violence victimisation during childhood. Among women, 35.6% (95% CI 33.4 to 37.9) reported adult lifetime experiences of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and 16.5% (95% CI 15.1 to 18.1) reported adult lifetime experience of physical or sexual non-partner violence (NPV). Almost one-third of men (31.2%; 95% CI 29.4 to 33.1) reported victimisation as an adult, the majority of which was physical violence. Twenty-two per cent (21.7%; 95% CI 19.5 to 24.1) of men reported lifetime sexual or physical IPV perpetration and 8.1% (95% CI 7.1 to 9.3) reported lifetime sexual or physical NPV perpetration. Minority clan membership, displacement, exposure to parental violence and violence during childhood were common correlates of IPV and NPV victimisation and perpetration among women and men. Victimisation and perpetration were also strongly associated with recent depression and experiences of miscarriage or stillbirth.ConclusionGBV is prevalent and spans all regions of Somalia. Programmes that support nurturing environments for children and provide health and psychosocial support for women and men are critical to prevent and respond to GBV.

scholarly journals Gender-Based Violence and Armed Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Mootz ◽  
Sally D. Stabb ◽  
Debra Mollen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Gender Based

The high prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) in armed conflict has been documented in various national contexts, but less is known about the complex pathways that constitute the relation between the two. Employing a community-based collaborative approach, we constructed a community-informed socioecological conceptual model from a feminist perspective, detailing how armed conflict relates to GBV in a conflict-affected rural community in Northeastern Uganda. The research questions were as follows: (1) How does the community conceptualize GBV? and (2) How does armed conflict relate to GBV? Nine focus group discussions divided by gender, age, and profession and six key informant interviews were conducted. Participants’ ages ranged from 9 to 80 years ( n = 34 girls/women, n = 43 boys/men). Grounded theory was used in analysis. Participants conceptualized eight forms of and 22 interactive variables that contributed to GBV. Armed conflict affected physical violence/quarreling, sexual violence, early marriage, and land grabbing via a direct pathway and four indirect pathways initiated through looting of resources, militarization of the community, death of a parent(s) or husband, and sexual violence. The findings suggest that community, organizational, and policy-level interventions, which include attention to intersecting vulnerabilities for exposure to GBV in conflict-affected settings, should be prioritized. While tertiary psychological interventions with women and girls affected by GBV in these areas should not be eliminated, we suggest that policy makers and members of community and organizational efforts make systemic and structural changes. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ 's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

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