scholarly journals Scarring in tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum)

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Rheinl?nder ◽  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
R.A. Fullerton ◽  
M.A. Manning ◽  
X. Meier
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Solanum Betaceum

Fruit scarring in tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) is a cosmetic disorder causing extensive revenue losses to the New Zealand tamarillo growers This study aimed to establish the cause of scarring Three possible causes were tested experimentally (1) fungal infection (2) insect damage and (3) physical injury Inoculation with spore suspensions of Botrytis cinerea (105 spores/ml) at fruitset indicated no association between scarring and infection by this fungus Among seven herbivorous invertebrates recorded on tamarillo greenhouse thrips were the most likely incitants of scarring Applications of thrips to developing fruit in fineweave terylene bags (120 thrips/bag) resulted in corky lesions However these were more superficial than the typical scarring of tamarillo Damaging the epidermis by scratching or removing patches of cells on young fruit produced the characteristic corky scars This suggests that any type of epidermal damage (eg wind rub hail or feeding insect) early in fruit development may cause scarring

Peronospora anemones. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora anemones. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, A. globosa. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g. Botrytis cinerea) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).

scholarly journals Mobilization of Boron in Olive Trees during Flowering and Fruit Development

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Delgado ◽  
M. Benlloch ◽  
R. Fernández-Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Olea Europaéa

Change in B content of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves during anthesis reveals the appearance of a potent B sink. This phenomenon was more marked in young leaves of bearing trees with a high degree of flowering than in nonbearing trees with a low degree of flowering. Applying B to the leaves at the time of anthesis increased the B concentrations in leaf blades, petioles, bark of the bearing shoot, and flowers and fruit 3 days after treatment. The results suggest that B is mobilized from young leaves during anthesis to supply the requirements of flowers and young fruit.

Grape tendrils as an inoculum source of Botrytis cinerea in vineyards a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Mundy ◽  
R.H. Agnew ◽  
P.N. Wood
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Considerable Damage

Botrytis cinerea is a fungus responsible for considerable damage to a wide range of crops worldwide including grapes Botrytis bunch rot caused by B cinerea is the major disease problem that must be managed by the New Zealand wine industry each season However the fungus is not easily managed as it can be both necrotrophic and saprophytic with a range of overwintering inoculum sources New Zealand grape growers have asked whether it is necessary to remove tendrils at the time of pruning in order to minimise botrytis bunch rot infection at harvest This review provides a summary of the information currently available on the importance of tendrils in the epidemiology of botrytis bunch rot under New Zealand conditions Gaps in knowledge and areas for further investigation are also identified

Coniothyrium minitans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Fungus Gnats

Abstract A description is provided for Coniothyrium minitans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum and, under laboratory conditions, can attack sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea, B. fabae, B. narcissicola, Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotium cepivorum. DISEASE: Hyperparasite of sclerotia of phytopathogenic fungi such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum (55, 4614, 4972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Finland, East Germany, Hungary, Poland); North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia and mycelia dispersed in the soil from disintegrating infected sclerotia which are covered with numerous pycnidia releasing abundant conidia. It has also been suggested that disintegrating infected sclerotia could be dispersed with the mycoparasite by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidiae) (Turner & Tribe, 1976).

scholarly journals Quantification of Carotenoids, α-Tocopherol, and Ascorbic Acid in Amber, Mulligan, and Laird’s Large Cultivars of New Zealand Tamarillos (Solanum betaceum Cav.)

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tung Thanh Diep ◽  
Chris Pook ◽  
Elaine C. Rush ◽  
Michelle Ji Yeon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Solanum Betaceum

Amber (yellow), Laird’s Large (red) and Mulligan (purple–red) cultivars of New Zealand tamarillo fruit were separated into pulp (endo- and mesocarp) and peel (exocarp), and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for carotenoids, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid contents. Fresh Mulligan pulp had the highest content of β-carotene (0.9 mg/100 g), α-tocopherol (1.9 mg/100 g), and ascorbic acid (28 mg/100 g). Higher concentrations of β-carotene and ascorbic acid, and lower concentrations of α-tocopherol were detected in pulps compared with peels. Compared with standard serves of other fruit, tamarillo had the highest β-carotene (9–20% RDI (recommended dietary intake)/serve), high ascorbic acid (67–75% RDI/serve), and α-tocopherol (16–23% adequate intake/serve). All cultivars had diverse carotenoid profiles dominated by provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) and xanthophyll carotenoids (lutein; zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin). Favorable growth conditions (high light intensity and low temperature) may explain the higher antioxidant vitamin content in New Zealand tamarillos compared to those from other countries. Tamarillo peels may be used as natural food coloring agent to reduce waste and deliver sustainable production.

Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Epirodin: A Secondary Metabolite from New Zealand Isolates of Epicoccum nigrum

2015 ◽  
Vol 163 (10) ◽  
pp. 841-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Alcock ◽  
Philip Elmer ◽  
Ron Marsden ◽  
Frank Parry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Epicoccum Nigrum

scholarly journals High richness of insect herbivory from the early Miocene Hindon Maar crater, Otago, New Zealand

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lena Möller ◽  
Uwe Kaulfuss ◽  
Daphne E. Lee ◽  
Torsten Wappler
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Functional Feeding Groups ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Southern Beech ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Damage Types

Plants and insects are key components of terrestrial ecosystems and insect herbivory is the most important type of interaction in these ecosystems. This study presents the first analysis of associations between plants and insects for the early Miocene Hindon Maar fossil lagerstätte, Otago, New Zealand. A total of 584 fossil angiosperm leaves representing 24 morphotypes were examined to determine the presence or absence of insect damage types. Of these leaves, 73% show signs of insect damage; they comprise 821 occurrences of damage from 87 damage types representing all eight functional feeding groups. In comparison to other fossil localities, the Hindon leaves display a high abundance of insect damage and a high diversity of damage types. Leaves ofNothofagus(southern beech), the dominant angiosperm in the fossil assemblage, exhibit a similar leaf damage pattern to leaves from the nearby mid to late Miocene Dunedin Volcano Group sites but display a more diverse spectrum and much higher percentage of herbivory damage than a comparable dataset of leaves from Palaeocene and Eocene sites in the Antarctic Peninsula.

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