scholarly journals Improving antsurveillance trap design to reduce competitive exclusion

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.D. Stringer ◽  
D.M. Suckling ◽  
L.T.W. Mattson ◽  
L.R. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Sticky Trap ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Invasive Ant ◽  
Trap Design ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Monitoring Traps

The National Invasive Ant Surveillance is conducted annually around ports and other highrisk areas to detect new ant incursions into New Zealand Currently nonsticky foodbaited vials are used to trap ants The ability of a sticky bait trap to trap multiple ant species at baits was tested under the hypothesis that a sticky trap would reduce the role of competitive exclusion at food sources a drawback of food baiting Furthermore the role of food type sugar protein and a combination of both foods on ant catch was examined Although only 4 of traps caught multiple species this incidence was five times greater in the stickybait than foodonly vials The combined food source traps caught ants more often than the single food source traps The refinement of ant monitoring traps will aid surveillance managers in the future

Modeling adult emergence and fecundity of factitious hosts under different food sources supports massive egg production management

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tavares ◽  
L. Silva ◽  
L. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractEphestia kuehniella(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) andSitotroga cerealella(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) are important factitious hosts used for production of biological control agents. Their differences in terms of biology and behavior require adjustments in their mass production, particularly when using corn or barley as food in grain or in bran. We modeled adult emergence, oviposition period and egg production along time after emergence, as a function of the food source. Significant differences between hosts or food type were found for these variables and for adult weight but not for sex ratio. Our results confirm the possibility of mass production of these hosts using corn or barley as food source. Integrating adult emergence patterns and age specific fecundity patterns into a single model, it is clear that rearingE. kuehniellaon barley would result in the highest egg output in much shorter time thanE. kuehniellaon corn orS. cerealellaon barley.

scholarly journals Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: Mutualism between Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Cataenococcus hispidus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Ho ◽  
K.C. Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractThe observed mutualistic relationship between the black cocoa ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) and the mealybug Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison) was examined. The importance of C. hispidus to D. thoracicus as a food source was investigated by giving D. thoracicus access to C. hispidus only, to C. hispidus and other food sources, and denying access to any obvious food sources. Dolichoderus thoracicus was seen to depend on C. hispidus alone as a source of food over an eight-week period of observation without showing ill effects. The role of D. thoracicus in spreading C. hispidus was studied in an experiment consisting of combinations of D. thoracicus and C. hispidus exclusion. It was shown that D. thoracicus was responsible for carrying C. hispidus across a ‘mealybug excluder’. Data on the frequency and duration of transport of C. hispidus by D. thoracicus were obtained by direct observation for a total of 90 h over 17 days. Both adults and nymphs of C. hispidus were carried by D. thoracicus with its mandibles in a brief and erratic manner, in the general direction of the trail. Such transportation is nevertheless considered to be important in view of the large number of individuals of D. thoracicus moving along a trail. The close mutualistic relationship between D. thoracicus and C. hispidus reiterates the necessity to manipulate both organisms for control of cocoa pests.

Comparison of different pollen grains and a factitious prey as food sources for Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2427-2438
Author(s):  
Alireza Nemati ◽  
Elham Riahi ◽  
Arsalan Khalili Moghadam ◽  
Dariusz J. Gwiazdowicz ◽  
Mohammad Reza Bahari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Amblyseius Swirskii ◽  
Factitious Prey

Pollen used as an alternative or supplementary food source for a predatory mite not only provides important nutrients but also allows the predator to establish a population before prey becomes available. In this study, we compared the pollen of apricot, pear, hollyhock, opium poppy, and date palm, and a factitious prey, UV-irradiated eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, as food sources for Amblyseius swirskii. Different food items affected all development stages differently, except for hollyhock pollen, where eggs failed to develop to maturity. Food type affected the reproductive ability of females, which did not reproduce when fed on opium poppy during immature stages. Most eggs per female were produced when feeding on the factitious prey, and second most with apricot pollen. Feeding on factitious prey compared with pollen, resulted in greater longevity of both female and male adults. Feeding on pear pollen or factitious prey caused, respectively, the lowest and highest population growth rates (r and λ). Both net (R0) and gross (GRR) reproductive rates were highest when the factitious prey was the food source. Among the pollen diets, apricot was the most beneficial food item. Because of their effects on rates of population increase, either apricot pollen or the factitious prey could be further utilized as cost-effective alternative food diets for both experimental and commercial mass rearing of A. swirskii.

Dammed If You Don’t, But What If You Do? Breaching the Lower Snake River Dams in Washington State

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Lopardo ◽  
Clare M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Mitigation Techniques ◽  
Economic Analyses

Four dams on the lower Snake River in Washington State generate hydropower and allow for regional agriculture and barge shipping to Portland OR. However, the dams impede the migration of local salmon populations (Oncorhynchus spp.), which are in steep decline, and drastically impact the populations of salmon and orca whales, for whom salmon are a primary food source. For years, environmental groups have argued for breaching the dams; other interests counter that the dams are too critical to the economy of the region to lose; and federal agencies assert that the dams can remain and salmon populations will recover with mitigation techniques. Scientific and economic analyses, litigation, and elected officials’ efforts have not been able to move the issue towards a solution. Readers will examine the interests of primary actors in the issue, how they influence the policy process, the role of scientific and economic analyses, and possible approaches for resolving the issue.

Methyl mercury in zooplankton—the role of size, habitat, and food quality

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1606-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kainz ◽  
Marc Lucotte ◽  
Christopher C Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Bacterial Food

Pathways of methyl mercury (MeHg) accumulation in zooplankton include ingestion of organic matter (OM). We analyzed fatty acid (FA) biomarkers in zooplankton to (i) investigate the effect of allochthonous and autochthonous OM ingestion on MeHg concentrations ([MeHg]) in zooplankton and (ii) examine how algal and bacterial food sources affect MeHg bioaccumulation. We partitioned bulk zooplankton samples (i.e., >500, 202, 100, and 53 μm) from Lake Lusignan (Québec) and measured [MeHg] and [FA] in each fraction. [MeHg] increased with increasing body size and was significantly higher in pelagic than in littoral macrozooplankton (>500 μm). The amount of the ingested terrestrial FA biomarker 24:0 indicated that less than 1% of the total FA in zooplankton was derived from allochthonous sources. More than 60% of the ingested FA originated from algal biomarkers and <10% from bacterial biomarkers. Relative amounts of algal-derived essential FA and bacterial FA were not associated with [MeHg] in any size fraction. In pelagic zones, the amount of MeHg in zooplankton related positively to the number of large organisms such as Calanoid copepods and Daphnia. We propose that the accumulation of MeHg in lacustrine zooplankton depends on the zooplankton habitat rather than on the quality of ingested food.

The Small Mammal Project: Engaging Students as Scientists

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
Erika V. Iyengar ◽  
Paul T. Meier ◽  
Rachel E. Hamelers
Keyword(s):  
College Courses ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Dissemination Of Results ◽  
Scientific Questions

This article describes a sustained, student-driven, inquiry-based set of activities meant to illuminate the scientific process from the initial scientific questions to oral dissemination of results. It is appropriate for science majors and nonmajors, advanced high school through upper-level college courses. Involving students in hands-on, self-driven investigations will allow them to see the challenges of quantitative scientific investigations, and the role of scientific creativity in experimental design and interpretation. This project allows a large group of students to engage in the type of research project often only available to students working one-on-one with instructors or in research labs. This activity requires skeletons of multiple species of small mammals, but there are many ways to alter the project to suit available resources. We expect that students involved in hands-on, self-directed scientific investigations early in their academic careers are less likely to view science as a mere accumulation of facts and more likely to be empowered to participate later in more sustained scientific investigations.

scholarly journals Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
Péter Sipos ◽  
Szilvia Kovács ◽  
Zoltán Győri ◽  
István Pócsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.

scholarly journals The Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Populations on Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Southeastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Kucharczyk ◽  
Paweł Bereś ◽  
Zbigniew Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Maize Plant ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Thrips Species

The Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Populations on Maize (Zea MaysL.) in Southeastern PolandThrips species composition and seasonal abundance was studied on maize crops during two seasons (2006-2007), in southeastern Poland. Altogether 21 species have been identified, among themFrankliniella tenuicornis(Uzel 1895) andHaplothrips aculeatus(Fabricius 1803) which are a graminicolous species and were eudominants, comprising 96.8% in 2006 and 82.0% in 2007 of all collected specimens. Other species occurred only in low numbers. The frequent and numerous presence ofF. tenuicornisspecies in their immature stages in the samples, confirmed the role of the maize plant as the host.H. aculeatusprobably chose maize as a food source and substitute plant for breeding.

scholarly journals FOXP2 exhibits projection neuron class specific expression, but is not required for multiple aspects of cortical histogenesis

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J Kast ◽  
Alexandra L Lanjewar ◽  
Colton D Smith ◽  
Pat Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Neuron Populations ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Molecular Phenotypes ◽  
And Function

The expression patterns of the transcription factor FOXP2 in the developing mammalian forebrain have been described, and some studies have tested the role of this protein in the development and function of specific forebrain circuits by diverse methods and in multiple species. Clinically, mutations in FOXP2 are associated with severe developmental speech disturbances, and molecular studies indicate that impairment of Foxp2 may lead to dysregulation of genes involved in forebrain histogenesis. Here, anatomical and molecular phenotypes of the cortical neuron populations that express FOXP2 were characterized in mice. Additionally, Foxp2 was removed from the developing mouse cortex at different prenatal ages using two Cre-recombinase driver lines. Detailed molecular and circuit analyses were undertaken to identify potential disruptions of development. Surprisingly, the results demonstrate that Foxp2 function is not required for many functions that it has been proposed to regulate, and therefore plays a more limited role in cortical development than previously thought.

RED JUNGLE FOWL HAVE MORE CONTRAFREELOADING THAN WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS: EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSEQUENCES FOR INFORMATION GAIN

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Jensen ◽  
Karin Schütz ◽  
Christina Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Red Jungle Fowl

AbstractContrafreeloading (CFL), i.e. choosing food which requires work over free food, occurs at a higher rate in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) compared to White Leghorn layers. We examined whether this difference between breeds was altered by food deprivation and whether it affected the information gained about alternative food sources. In a first experiment, twenty birds of each breed were deprived for zero, three and six hours and then allowed a choice of feeding from freely available food or food mixed with wood shavings. In both breeds, CFL tended to decrease after deprivation, but jungle fowl consistently showed more CFL than Leghorns also after food deprivation. This shows that differences in CFL between breeds were not altered by food deprivation, and the larger CFL in jungle fowl may represent a genetically based difference in feeding strategy. In a second experiment, we examined whether the differences in CFL affected how the birds acquired information about alternative food sites of different quality. Twenty birds of each breed were allowed to forage during three 10 min sessions in a four armed maze, where symbols in each end of the arms indicated the location of four different quality food sources; 'high gain' (freely available food), 'medium gain' (70% food, 30% wood shavings), 'low gain' (30% food), and 'no gain' (100% wood shavings). Each bird was then tested in the same maze when the 'high gain' food source and its symbol had been removed, and the other three sources contained only the symbols and wood shavings. Jungle fowl chose the symbol indicating the best available food source significantly more often than the Leghorns. The results indicate that Leghorn gain less information during foraging, which may have consequences for their adaptation capacity in a production environment. This could either be a consequence of Leghorns showing less CFL, or a generally impaired learning capacity of Leghorns compared to jungle fowl.

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