scholarly journals ESTIMATED TRANSPORTATION COST OF LOW-TONNAGE LNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-163
Author(s):  
O. V. Tarovik ◽  
O. M. Mudrova
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Universal Approach ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Regression Relations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

Demand for low-tonnage transportation of LNG requires improved logistics. Assessing the value of all parts of the supply chain is an important component of solving the problem of optimizing transportation costs for both consumers and LNG suppliers. In connection with tightening of environmental requirements regarding bunker fuel, the task of optimizing the supply of LNG for water transport by the cost of transportation becomes particularly relevant.The objective of the study is to develop a universal approach to estimating the cost of transporting low-tonnage LNG for bunkering vessels in the Russian Federation.The research methodology is focused on the analytical method based on a system-structural approach.As part of the departmental project of the Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade «Development of  gaspowered fleet for navigation in coastal waters and inland waterways», the authors developed technical and economic models for calculating the unit cost of LNG transportation by road and water. To calculate the unit cost of LNG transportation by rail, the data of TMkarta information and reference system were used. Based on model calculations and data of TMkarta system, regression relations were obtained that allow one to determine the cost of transportation for various options of transport and technological schemes based on a limited set of parameters. An approach has also been proposed for estimating the cost of LNG transshipment. The regression ratios were tested for selected routes. As a result,conclusions were drawn about the most effective LNG transportation options.

OPTIMAL FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS TO A ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Tolulope Latunde ◽  
Joseph Oluwaseun Richard ◽  
Opeyemi Odunayo Esan ◽  
Damilola Deborah Dare
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
North West ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Basic Feasible Solutions ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Road Freight Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

For twenty decades, there is a visible ever forward advancement in the technology of mobility, vehicles and transportation system in general. However, there is no "cure-all" remedy ideal enough to solve all life problems but mathematics has proven that if the problem can be determined, it is most likely solvable. New methods and applications will keep coming to making sure that life problems will be solved faster and easier. This study is to adopt a mathematical transportation problem in the Coca-Cola company aiming to help the logistics department manager of the Asejire and Ikeja plant to decide on how to distribute demand by the customers and at the same time, minimize the cost of transportation. Here, different algorithms are used and compared to generate an optimal solution, namely; North West Corner Method (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM) and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM). The transportation model type in this work is the Linear Programming as the problems are represented in tables and results are compared with the result obtained on Maple 18 software. The study shows various ways in which the initial basic feasible solutions to the problem can be obtained where the best method that saves the highest percentage of transportation cost with for this problem is the NWC. The NWC produces the optimal transportation cost which is 517,040 units.

scholarly journals Logistics of Low-Tonnage LNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Buyanova ◽  
O. M. Mudrova
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Transport ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Practical Algorithm ◽  
Intermodal Logistics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sulfur Emissions ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a bunker fuel for ships. This is due to a number of reasons of environmental (reduction of sulfur emissions by v essels in accordance with MARPOL 73/78 international convention), economic (lower price of LNG compared to distillate fuels meeting MARPOL 73/78 requirements), technical and economic (reduction of maintenance costs of vessels and an increase in service life) character. These conclusions regarding LNG are applicable to vessels of various types intended for sea and river navigation. At the same time, the transition of river ships and coastal vessels to LNG bunkering is currently being restrained, including in Russia, by a number of reasons, one of which is weak logistics support for LNG delivery from production sites to vessel bunkering points. As a result, the development of LNG vessel bunkering market requires  improvement of logistics for delivery of lowtonnage LNG, which can be carried out using several modes of transport. The objective of the study is to develop a practical algorithm for estimating the cost of LNG transportation for vessel bunkering, taking into account the characteristics of intermodal logistics. The research methodology is based on an analytical method based on a system-structural approach. At the example of Russia, an algorithm has been developed for choosing the optimal transport and technological scheme (TTS) for delivering lowtonnage LNG and operational and economic models for calculating the unit cost of transportation, storage and transshipment of LNG. Testing the models on the calculated routes allowed to estimate the cost of LNG transportation according to the options of transport and technological schemes for bulk and container delivery methods and draw conclusions. Moreover, the methodology used is to a large extent universal and allows using the proposed approaches for development of TTS in relation to other countries.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI MODEL TRANSPORTASI DISTRIBUSI PRODUK VAKSIN HEPATITIS B MENGGUNAKAN METODE LEAST COST DAN MODIFIED DISTRIBUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Resa Lestari ◽  
Thyar Romadhon ◽  
Muchammad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The transportation method is a method related to optimization model used to minimize the cost of transportation distribution. Distribution of products to various regions requires transportation costs are not small, it requires good planning in order for the availability of goods can be met. The purpose of this study, applying the transportation cost of hepatitis B vaccine distribution from PT. XYZ by using Least Cost Method as the initial solution and Modified Distribution Method (MODI) to optimize so that companies can know the cost of optimal vaccine distribution. The results showed the implementation of transportation model by PT. XYZ with the initial solution using the Least Cost Method obtained the cost of transportation distribution of Rp 45,874,100. then after the optimization of costs by using Modified distribution method the cost of transportation distribution becomes more optimal and the minimization of costs obtained to be Rp 45,767,100.

Marginal assessment of the cost and benefits of aphasia treatment: Evidence from community-based telerehabilitation treatment for aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2098277
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs ◽  
Patrick M Briley ◽  
Heather Harris Wright ◽  
Charles Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conduction Aphasia ◽  
Aphasia Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Few studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphasia treatment has resulted in an urgent need to understand the costs and cost-benefits of this approach. Methods Eighteen stroke survivors with aphasia completed community-based aphasia telerehabilitation treatment, utilizing the Language-Oriented Treatment (LOT) delivered via Webex videoconferencing program. Marginal benefits to treatment were calculated as the change in Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) score pre- and post-treatment and marginal cost of treatment was calculated as the relationship between change in WAB-R aphasia quotient (AQ) and the average cost per treatment. Controlling for demographic variables, Bayesian estimation evaluated the primary contributors to WAB-R change and assessed cost-effectiveness of treatment by aphasia type. Results Thirteen out of 18 participants experienced significant improvement in WAB-R AQ following telerehabilitation delivered therapy. Compared to anomic aphasia (reference group), those with conduction aphasia had relatively similar levels of improvement whereas those with Broca’s aphasia had smaller improvement. Those with global aphasia had the largest improvement. Each one-point of improvement cost between US$89 and US$864 for those who improved (mean = US$200) depending on aphasia type/severity. Discussion Individuals with severe aphasia may have the greatest gains per unit cost from treatment. Both improvement magnitude and the cost per unit of improvement were driven by aphasia type, severity and race. Economies of scale to aphasia treatment–cost may be minimized by treating a variety of types of aphasia at various levels of severity.

scholarly journals Estimating the programmatic cost of targeted mass drug administration for malaria in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shwe Sin Kyaw ◽  
Gilles Delmas ◽  
Tom L. Drake ◽  
Olivier Celhay ◽  
Wirichada Pan-ngum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Greater Mekong Subregion

Abstract Background Mass drug administration (MDA) has received growing interest to accelerate the elimination of multi-drug resistant malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Targeted MDA, sometimes referred to as focal MDA, is the practice of delivering MDA to high incidence subpopulations only, rather than the entire population. The potential effectiveness of delivering targeted MDA was demonstrated in a recent intervention in Kayin State, Myanmar. Policymakers and funders need to know what resources are required if MDA, targeted or otherwise, is to be included in elimination packages beyond existing malaria interventions. This study aims to estimate the programmatic cost and the unit cost of targeted MDA in Kayin State, Myanmar. Methods We used financial data from a malaria elimination initiative, conducted in Kayin State, to estimate the programmatic costs of the targeted MDA component using a micro-costing approach. Three activities (community engagement, identification of villages for targeted MDA, and conducting mass treatment in target villages) were evaluated. We then estimated the programmatic costs of implementing targeted MDA to support P. falciparum malaria elimination in Kayin State. A costing tool was developed to aid future analyses. Results The cost of delivering targeted MDA within an integrated malaria elimination initiative in eastern Kayin State was approximately US$ 910,000. The cost per person reached, distributed among those in targeted and non-targeted villages, for the MDA component was US$ 2.5. Conclusion This cost analysis can assist policymakers in determining the resources required to clear malaria parasite reservoirs. The analysis demonstrated the value of using financial data from research activities to predict programmatic implementation costs of targeting MDA to different numbers of target villages.

The estimated healthcare cost of diabetic retinopathy in Indonesia and its projection for 2025

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bayu Sasongko ◽  
Firman Setya Wardhana ◽  
Gandhi Anandika Febryanto ◽  
Angela Nurini Agni ◽  
Supanji Supanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Healthcare Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Population Based ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Illness Model ◽  
The Cost

PurposeTo estimate the total healthcare cost associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes in Indonesia and its projection for 2025.MethodsA prevalence-based cost-of-illness model was constructed from previous population-based DR study. Projection for 2025 was derived from estimated diabetes population in 2025. Direct treatment costs of DR were estimated from the perspective of healthcare. Patient perspective costs were obtained from thorough interview including only transportation cost and lost of working days related to treatment. We developed four cost-of-illness models according to DR severity level, DR without necessary treatment, needing laser treatment, laser +intravitreal (IVT) injection and laser + IVT +vitrectomy. All costs were estimated in 2017 US$.ResultsThe healthcare costs of DR in Indonesia were estimated to be $2.4 billion in 2017 and $8.9 billion in 2025. The total cost in 2017 consisted of the cost for no DR and mild–moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR) requiring eye screening ($25.9 million), severe NPDR or proliferative DR (PDR) requiring laser treatment ($0.25 billion), severe NPDR or PDR requiring both laser and IVT injection ($1.75 billion) and advance level of PDR requiring vitrectomy ($0.44 billion).ConclusionsThe estimated healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia in 2017 was considerably high, nearly 2% of the 2017 national state budget, and projected to increase significantly to more than threefold in 2025. The highest cost may incur for DR requiring both laser and IVT injection. Therefore, public health intervention to delay or prevent severe DR may substantially reduce the healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia.

Penetapan Tarif Ambulans Untuk Evakuasi Medis Berbasis Unit Cost

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Kelvin Riupassa ◽  
Narizma Nova ◽  
Endah Lestari ◽  
Sri Juniarti Azis ◽  
Wahyu Sulistiadi
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Emergency Ambulance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

Background: An ambulance is a vehicle designed to be able to handle emergency patients, provide first aid and carry out intensive care while on the way to a referral hospital. Ambulance operations require a large amount of funds obtained from APBD funds through tariffs that were passed through the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation five years ago. For this reason, a new tariff is required to adjust to current conditions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to calculate the unit cost of ambulance services in DKI Jakarta to be a consideration in the tariff setting policy in DKI Jakarta province. Research Metodes: This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach to obtain information about the unit cost of the Jakarta ambulance production unit. The method used is the calculation of real cost using the basis of the causes of costs. This research was conducted at the DKI Jakarta Emergency Ambulance using secondary data on investment costs, operational costs and maintenance costs in 2018. Results: The total cost of emergency ambulance in 2018 is known that the proportion of three cost components, namely operational costs, is 76%, followed by investment costs of 20% and maintenance costs of 3%. The calculation of the total cost of medical evacuation using the double distribution method is Rp. 98,915,016,805.00 divided by the number of medical evacuations in 2018 of 37,564 activities, the unit cost of medical evacuation for the AGD of DKI Jakarta Health Office is Rp. 2,633,215.00 without subsidies. APBD costs, while if the subsidy component is included in the calculation, the unit cost for one trip to the AGD of the Health Office is Rp. 604,071.00. This is still far above the current tariff of Rp. 450.00, so the cost recovery rate (CRR) is still below. 100%. Conclusion: From the three cost components consisting of investment, operational and maintenance costs,the largest proportion was operational costs at 76%. The Cost Recovery Rate has not reached 100% so that the existing rates have not covered the costs incurred.   Keywords: ambulance; price fixing; unit cost

IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF TRAILED DUMP VEHICLES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (21) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
E.V. Ibragimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

Increasing the productivity and efficiency of agricultural cargo transportation in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is achieved through the use of tractor trains consist-ing of tractors and trailer links, the main of which are trailers. This method allows you to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural goods, as well as reduce the cost of transportation. During the analysis of the known designs of tractor-trailer dump trailers, it was revealed that a character-istic drawback is the imperfection of the design of the locking elements of the platforms designed to fix them on the chassis. As a result, a promising technical solution was developed, which, in comparison with the known ones, has a simple design and increased efficiency when fixing the bodies on the chassis. The article describes the design and the principle of operation of this tech-nical solution. The results of the structural strength calculation are presented. The conducted check showed that the obtained value of the safety factor, equal to 2.2, will ensure the operational reliability of trailed dump vehicles. The results of the study are recommended to both domestic and foreign research institutes, design and production structures of the automotive industry for further study and refinement of the proposed device with a view to its possible implementation in practice.

scholarly journals Direct cost of connecting, maintaining and disconnecting patient-controlled analgesia pump

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áquila Lopes Gouvêa ◽  
Antônio Fernandes Costa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Patient Controlled Analgesia ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Probabilistic Sample

Quantitative research that aimed to identify the mean total cost (MTC) of connecting, maintaining and disconnecting patient-controlled analgesia pump (PCA) in the management of pain. The non-probabilistic sample corresponded to the observation of 81 procedures in 17 units of the Central Institute of the Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo. We calculated the MTC multiplying by the time spent by nurses at a unit cost of direct labor, adding the cost of materials and medications/solutions. The MTC of connecting was R$ 107.91; maintenance R$ 110.55 and disconnecting R$ 4.94. The results found will subsidize discussions about the need to transfer money from the Unified Health System to hospitals units that perform this technique of analgesic therapy and it will contribute to the cost management aimed at making efficient and effective decision-making in the allocation of available resources.

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